Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
69 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
The four major principles of growth
|
CEPHALOCAUDAL
PROXIMODISTAL HIERARCHICAL INTEGRATION INDEPANDENCE OF SYSTEMS |
|
GROWTH BEGINS WITH THE HEAD AND UPPER BODY AND THEN PROCEEDS TO THE REST OF BODY
|
CEPHALOCAUDAL
|
|
GROWTH PROCEEDS FROM THE CENTER OF THE BODY AND EXTENDS OUTWARD
|
PROZIMODISTAL
|
|
SIMPLE SKILLS DEVELOP INDEPENDENTLY AND ARE LATER INTEGRATED INTO MORE COMPLEX SKILLS
|
HIERARCHICAL INTEGRATION
|
|
DIFFERENT SYSTEMS OF THE BODY GROW AT DIFFERENT RATES
|
INDEPENDENCE OF SYSTEMS
|
|
BASIC CELLS OF OF NERVOUS SYSTEM AND CONTAINS THE NUCLEUS
|
NEURONS
|
|
COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS
|
NEURONS
|
|
NEURONS IN INFANTS AT BIRTH
|
100-200 BILLION NEURONS
|
|
A CLUSTER OF FIBERS AT ONE END OF A NEURON THAT ALLOWS A CELL TO COMMUNICATE WITH OTHER CELLS
|
DENDRITES
|
|
PART OF A NEURON THAT CARRIES MESSAGES TO OTHER NEURONS
|
AXON
|
|
CHEMICAL MESSENGERS THAT TRAVEL ACROSS THE SYNAPSE BETWEEN NEURONS
|
NEUROTRANSMITTERS
|
|
A GAP BETWEEN NEURONS THAT IS CROSSED SUCH THAT MESSAGES CAN BE COMMUNICATED
|
SYNAPSE
|
|
FATTY SUBSTANCE THAT PROVIDES PROTECTION AND SPEEDS TRANSMISSION OF NERVE IMPULSES
|
MYELIN
|
|
THE UPPER LAYER OF THE BRAIN WHERE SOME NEURONS MOVE ACCORDING TO FUNCTION
|
CEREBRAL CORTEX
|
|
BRAIN DEVELOPMENT IS DETERMINED BY
|
GENETIC FACTORS AND INFLUENCED BY ENVIRONMENTAL FACTORS
|
|
UNEXPLAINED DEATH OF A HEALTHY BABY
|
SIDS
|
|
SLEEPING ON STOMACH OR SIDES
BEING BOY BEING BLACK LOW BIRTHWEIGHT LOW APGAR SCORE MOM SMOKE DURING PG |
RISKS FOR SIDS
|
|
basic reflexes present at birth are:
|
ROOTING
STEPPING SWIMMING MORO BABINSKI STARTLE EYE BLINK SUCKING AND GAG |
|
tendency to turn head toward things that touch its cheek; related to function of food intake
|
ROOTING
|
|
# movement of legs when held upright with feet touching floor; prepares for independent locomotion
|
STEPPING
|
|
tendency to paddle and kick when lying face down in water; related to function of avoiding danger
|
SWIMMING
|
|
arms of infant thrust outward and then appear to grasp something; similar to primates’ protection from falling
|
MORO
|
|
fans out toes in response to stroke on outside of foot; function unknown
|
BABINSKI
|
|
in response to noise, fling out arms, arch back and spread fingers; protection is the primary function
|
STARTLE
|
|
with exposure to light, rapidly open and shut eyes; function is to protect eye from exposure
|
EYE-BLINK
|
|
tendency to suck when lips are touched; related to function of food intake
|
SUCKING
|
|
reaction to clear the throat; related to function of prevention of choking
|
GAG
|
|
TWO MOTOR DEVELOPMENT MILESTONES
|
GROSS MOTOR
FINE MOTOR |
|
rolling over, grasping a rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, grasping with thumb and forefinger, standing alone well, walking well, building tower of two cubes, walking up steps, jumping in place
|
GROSS MOTOR
|
|
opens hand prominently, grasps rattle, grasps thumb and finger, holds crayon adaptively, builds tower of two cubes, places pegs in a board, imitates strokes on a paper, copies circle
|
FINE MOTOR
|
|
is related to the stimulation of the sense organs;
|
SENSATION
|
|
related to the interpretation, analysis, and integration of stimuli involving the sense organs and brain.
|
PERCEPTION
|
|
are relatively well-developed and allow them to explore and begin to make sense of their world.
|
SENSORY
|
|
at birth, infant cannot see anything beyond 20 feet that an adult with normal vision could see between 200 and 600 feet
|
VISUAL PERCEPTION
|
|
is the same as an adults;
|
VISUAL ACUITY
|
|
ACHIEVED AT 14 WEEKS
|
BINOCULAR VISION
|
|
s achieved between 6 and 14 months
|
DEPTH PERCEPTION
|
|
infants can hear at birth,
|
AUDITORY PERCEPTION
|
|
more sensitive to high and low pitched sounds than adults but less so to middle-range frequencies
|
smell and taste: well-developed sense of smell and taste at birth
|
|
to perception offers an integrative view of the sensory system explaining that there is some "cross-talk" between senses one month after birth
|
The multimodal approach
|
|
The Nervous System and Brain:
|
The Foundations of INFANTS DEVELOPMENT
|
|
2. As the infant's experience with the world increases, neurons that do not become interconnected become unnecessary and die off
|
SYNAPTIC PRUNING
|
|
is the degree to which a developing structure (e.g., the brain) or behavior is susceptible to experience and is relatively great for the brain.
|
PLASTICITY
|
|
OUR INBORN PHYSCIAL SKILLS
|
BASIC REFLEXES
|
|
UNLEARNED, ORGANIZED, INVOLUNTARY RESPONSES THAT OCCUR AUTOMATICALLY IN THE PRESENCE OF CERTAINSTIMULI
|
REFLEXES
|
|
WHAT HAS SURVIVAL VALUE FOR THE INFANT
|
REFLEXES
|
|
DO ALL REFLEXES STAY THROUGH OUT LIFE
|
NO - SOME DISAPPEAR OVER TIME
|
|
WHAT ARE LANDMARKS OF PHYSICAL ACHIEVEMENT
|
MOTOR DEVELOPMENT IN INFANCY
|
|
INVOLVE THE USE OF LARGE BODILY MOVEMENTS
|
GROSS MOTOR SKILLS
|
|
INVOLVE THE USE OF SMALL BODILY MOVEMENTS
|
FINE MOTOR SKILLS
|
|
CRAWLING APPEARS
|
8-10 MONTHS
|
|
INFANTS CAN WALK HOLDING ON TO FURNITURE
|
9 MONTHS
|
|
MOST CAN WALK BY
|
1 YEAR
|
|
INFANTS CAN GRASP AN OBJECT AT
|
11 MONTHS
|
|
INFANTS CAN DRINK FROM A CUP WITHOUT SPILLING
|
2 Y/O
|
|
WHAT DEVELOPMENT FOLLOWS A SEQUENTIAL PATTERN IN WHICH SIMPLE SKILLS ARE COMBINED WITH MORE COMPLES ONES
|
MOTOR SKILL DEVELOPMENT
|
|
ARE VERY NEARSIGHTED
|
NEWBORN INFANTS
|
|
THE AVERAGE INFANTS' VISION IS 20/20
|
6 MONTHS
|
|
THE ABILITY TO COMBINE BOTH EYES VISION TO SEE DEPTH AND MOTION
|
BINOCULAR VISION
|
|
AN EXPERIMENTS THAT SHOWED THAT MOST INFANTS BETWEEN THE 6 AND 14 MONTHS WOULD NOT CRAWL OVER THE APPARENT CLIFF
|
GIBSON VISUAL CLIFF
|
|
WHAT DO INFANTS PREFER TO LOOK AT
|
PATTERNS
COMPLEX STIMUI FACE |
|
WHEN DO THEY AVE THE ABILITY TO HEAR
|
BEGINS PRENATALLY
|
|
WHAT ARE INFANTS MORE SENDITIVE TO THAN ADULTS?
|
HIGH AND LOW FREQUENCIES BUT NOT MIDDLE RANGES
|
|
PERMITS INFANTS TO DISCERN THE DIRECTION FROM WHICH A SOUND IS EMANATING
|
SOUND LOCALIZATION
|
|
INFANTS CAN DIFFERENTIATE WHAT?
|
CHANGES IN MELODIES AND SOUNDS (REQUIREMENT FOR LANGUAGE AND KNOW THEIR MOTHERS'S VOCE FROM OTHER VOICES
|
|
WHAT IS PRESENT A BIRTHIN REGUARDS TO SMELL AND TASTE?
|
REACT TO UNPLEASANT TASTES AND SMELL
CAN DECTECT MON'S SMELL IF BREAST FED HAVE AN INNATE SWEET TOOTH |
|
CAN INFANTS FEEL PAIN AT BIRTH
|
YES
|
|
MOST HIGHLY DEVELOP SENSORY SYSTEM IN A NEW BORN
|
TOUCH
|
|
WHAT CAN CALM AN INFANT DOWN
|
RESPOND TO GENTLE MASSAGES
|