231 - Hematologic - Brunner 33

Front 1

ANC - absolute neutrophil count

Back 1

a calc. of the actual number of neutrophils in the circulation, provides a rough indication of infection risk

Front 2

anergy

Back 2

diminshed reactivity to antigens (transient or complete)

Front 3

anemia

Back 3

decreased RBC count

Front 4

angiogenesis

Back 4

formation of new blood vessels, such as in a healing wound or in a malignant tumor

Front 5

angular cheilosis

Back 5

cracking sore at corner of mouth

Front 6

aplasia

Back 6

lack of cellular development (eg, of cells with the bone marrow)

Front 7

apoptosis

Back 7

complex process of programmed cell death

Front 8

band cell

Back 8

slightly immature neutrophil

Front 9

blast cell

Back 9

primitive WBC

Front 10

cytokines

Back 10

hormones produced by leukocyte that are vital to regulation of hematopoiesis, apoptosis, and immune responses

Front 11

D-dimer

Back 11

test that measures fibrin breakdown; considered to be more specific than fibrin degradation products in the diagnosis of DIC

Front 12

differentiation

Back 12

development of functions and characteristics that are different from those of the parent stem cell

Front 13

dysplasia

Back 13

abnormal development (eg, of blood cells); size, shape, and appearance of cells are altered

Front 14

ecchymosis

Back 14

bruise

Front 15

erythrocyte aka

Back 15

RBC

Front 16

ESR - erythrocyte sedimentation rate

Back 16

measures the rate of settling of RBCs; elevation is indication of inflammation
-aka the "sed rate"

Front 17

elevated ESR indicates...

Back 17

inflammation

Front 18

erythroid cells

Back 18

broad tem used in refernce to any cell that is or will become a mature RBC

Front 19

erythropoisesis

Back 19

process of formation of RBCs

Front 20

The callus that develops at the fracture site is important because it provides which of the following?
Functional use of the injured part
sufficient support for weight bearing
means for adequate blood supply
Means for holding bone fragments together.

Back 20

Means for holding bone fragments together - New bone cells are formed in large numbers and stimulated to maximum activity. They are found at the site of the injury. In time, calcium salts are absorbed to form the callus.

Front 21

fibrin

Back 21

filamentous protein; basis of thrombus and blood clot

Front 22

fibrinogen

Back 22

protein converted into fibrin to form thrombus and clot

Front 23

fibrinolysis

Back 23

process of breakdown of fibrin clot

Front 24

granulocyte

Back 24

granulated WBC (neutrophil, eosinophil, basophil); sometimes uses synonymously with neutrophil

Front 25

granulocytopenia

Back 25

fewer than normal granulocytes

Front 26

hematocrit

Back 26

% of total blood volume consisting of RBCs

Front 27

hematopoiesis

Back 27

complex process of the formation and maturation of blood cells

Front 28

Hgb - hemoglobin

Back 28

iron-containing protein of RBCs; delivers oxygen to tissues

Front 29

hemolysis

Back 29

destruction of RBCs; can occur within or outside of the vasculature

Front 30

hemosiderin

Back 30

iron-containing pigment derived from breakdown of hemoglobin

Front 31

hemostasis

Back 31

intricate balance between clot formation and clot dissolution

Front 32

histiocytes

Back 32

cells present in all loose CT, capable of phagocytosis; part of the RES

Front 33

hyperplasia

Back 33

abnormally increased proliferation of normal cells

Front 34

hypochromia

Back 34

pallor within the RBC caused by decreased hemoglobin content

Front 35

left shift aka shift to the left

Back 35

increased release of immature forms of WBCs from the bone marrow in response to need

Front 36

leukocyte is aka

Back 36

WBC; there are 5 subtypes of leukocytes

Front 37

leukemia

Back 37

uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs, often immature

Front 38

leukopenia

Back 38

less than normal amount of WBCs in circulation

Front 39

lymphoid

Back 39

pertaining to lymphocytes

Front 40

lymphocyte

Back 40

one of the 5 subtypes of WBC, involved in immune function

Front 41

lysis

Back 41

destruction of cells

Front 42

macrocytosis

Back 42

larger than normal RBCs

Front 43

macrophage

Back 43

cells of the RES that are capable of phagocytosis

Front 44

mast cell

Back 44

cells found in CT involved in defense of the body and coagulation

Front 45

microcytosis

Back 45

smaller than normal RBCs

Front 46

monocyte

Back 46

large WBC that becomes a marcrophage when it leaves the circulation and moves into body tissues

Front 47

myeloid

Back 47

pertaining to nonlymphoid blood cells that differentiate into RBCs, platelets, monocytes and macrophages, neutrophils, eosinophils, and mast cells

Front 48

myelopoiesis

Back 48

formation and maturation of cells derived from myeloid stem cell

Front 49

neutropenia

Back 49

lower than normal number of neutrophils

Front 50

neutrophil

Back 50

fully mature WBC capable of phagocytosis; primary defense against bacterial infection

Front 51

what is the primary defense against bacterial infection?

Back 51

the neutrophils!!! neutropenic precautions!

Front 52

normochromic

Back 52

normal RBC color, indicating normal amount of hemoglobin

Front 53

normocytic

Back 53

normal size of RBC

Front 54

nucleated RBC

Back 54

immature form of RBC; portion of nucleus remains with the red cell; not normally seen in circulating blood

Front 55

oxyhemoglobin

Back 55

combined form of oxygen and hemoglobin; found in arterial blood

Front 56

pancytopenia

Back 56

abnormal decrease in WBCs, RBCs, and platelets

Front 57

petechiae

Back 57

tiny capillary hemorrhages

Front 58

phagocytosis

Back 58

process of ingestion and digestion of bacteria by cells

Front 59

plasma

Back 59

liquid portion of blood

Front 60

plasminogen

Back 60

protein that is converted to plasmin to dissolve thrombi and clots

Front 61

platelet aka thrombocyte

Back 61

involved in blood coagulation

Front 62

poikilocytosis

Back 62

variation in shpae of RBCs

Front 63

polycythemia

Back 63

excess RBCs

Front 64

RBC aka erythrocyte

Back 64

involved in the transport of oxygen andd carbon dioxide

Front 65

reticulocytes

Back 65

slighty immature RBCs, usually only 1% of total circulating RBCs

Front 66

reticuloendothelial system (RES)

Back 66

complex system of cells throughout the body capable of phagocytosis

Front 67

serum

Back 67

portion of blood remaining after coagulation occurs

Front 68

stem cell

Back 68

primitive cell, capable of self-replication and differentiation into myeloid or lymphoid stem cell

Front 69

thrombin

Back 69

enzyme necesssary to convert fibrinogen into fibrin clot

Front 70

thrombocytopenia

Back 70

lower than normal platelet count

Front 71

thrombocytosis

Back 71

higher than normal platelet count

Front 72

WBC

Back 72

aka leukocytes; cellular components of blood involved in defense of the body; subtypes include neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

Front 73

extramedually hematopoiesis

Back 73

in adults with disease that causes marrow destruction, fibrosis, or scarring, the liver and spleen can also resume production of blood cells by this process

Front 74

lymphoid stem cells produce

Back 74

T or B lymphocytes

Front 75

the 3 broad cell types that arise from myeloid stem cells

Back 75

erythrocytes, leukocytes, and platelets ( so a defect in myeloid stem cells can cause problems with all three of these

Front 76

RBC, why biconcave?

Back 76

also soft and pliable so it can change its shape
-provides a large surface area that facilitates the absorptionand release of oxygen molecules

Front 77

RBC, why thin membrane?

Back 77

for easy diffusion of oxygen and carbon dioxide

Front 78

Stem cells are located in the ..... and are able to .....

Back 78

bone marrow....self repllicate

Front 79

hematopoiesis take place in the ...

Back 79

bone marrow, and also by the liver an spleen through extramedullary hematopoiesis

Front 80

blood volume normal adult

Back 80

5-6 liters

Front 81

does the normal RBC have a nucleus?

Back 81

no

Front 82

color of arterial blood

Back 82

bright red

Front 83

color of venous blood

Back 83

dark red

Front 84

whole blood contains how much hemoglobin per 100 mL blood?

Back 84

15 gram Hgb / 100 mL blood

Front 85

if increased reticulocytes

Back 85

? actively bleeding
-in response to an overal increased demand for RBCs

Front 86

RBCs circulate for....... after which....

Back 86

120 days....after which the liver and spleen will remove them

Front 87

which WBCs are involved in hypersensitivity reactions?

Back 87

eosinophils and basophils, especially basophils

Front 88

neutrophils main function...

Back 88

phagocytosis

Front 89

lymphocytes are responsible for what kind of immunity?

Back 89

both cellular and humoral

Front 90

hgb is how much of the RBC mass?

Back 90

95%

Front 91

In arterial blood, hgb binds with oxygen. In venous blood, hgb combines with..

Back 91

hydrogen ions produced by cellular metabolism and thus buffers excessive acid

Front 92

erythropoiesis -4 cells phases

Back 92

myeloid stem cell -> erythroblast -> reticulocyte -> erythrocyte

Front 93

reticulocytes and other immature cells are often seen when....

Back 93

the liver or spleen take over as the site of erythropoiesis and more immature cells are released into the cicurlation

Front 94

If the kidney detects low levels of oxygen (as in anemia or high altitudes).....

Back 94

the release of EPO is increased, stimulating the marrow to increase production of erythrocytes. the entire process typically takes 5 days

Front 95

iron is lost in ...

Back 95

feces, eith in bile, blood, or mucosal cells from the intestine

Front 96

normal iron concentration. M v F

Back 96

M-75-175
F-65-165

Front 97

daily intake of iron should be

Back 97

10-15 mg + 2 mg for women still menstruating

Front 98

if iron is deficient, erythrocytes produced by the marrow will be...

Back 98

small and low in Hgb

Front 99

iron deficiency, in adults, generally indicates....

Back 99

that blood has been lost from the body (from GI tract bleeding, eg colon cancer, or heavy menstrual flow). lack of dietary iron is rarely the cause of iron-deficiency anemia

Front 100

folic acid..all about

Back 100

-absorbed in the proximal small intestine
-only small amounts are stored within the body
-if diet deficient, stores quickly become depleted
-

Front 101

vitamin B12 info...

Back 101

-combines with intrinsic factor, which is produced in the stomach
-this complex is absorbed in the distal ileum

Front 102

hose with a partial or total gastrectomy may have limited amount of instrinsic factor, and therefore

Back 102

the absorption of vitamin B12 may be diminished

Front 103

effects of folic acid and VB12 deficiencies...(decreased absorption or decreased intake)

Back 103

-not apparent for 2-4 years
-MEGALOBLASTIC ANEMIA-megaloblasts, many become trapped while still in the bone marrow, and their rate of release is decreased. some die in marrow.

Front 104

where do the components of RBC destruction go?

Back 104

-most of hgb is recycled, some breaks down to bilirubin and is secreted in the bile
-iron - most recycled to form new hgb in bone marrow, small amounts lost daily in feces and urine and monthly in menstrual flow

Front 105

neutrophils are aka

Back 105

PMNs, polys, polymorphonuclear neutrophils
segs - segmented neutrophils

Front 106

band cells

Back 106

somewhat less mature neutrophil (single-lobed instead of 2-5 lobes) that can increase greatly under conddition in which neutrophil production increase, such as infection, this would be called a left shift

Front 107

entire process of maturation differentiation of the neutrophil takes..

Back 107

10 days

Front 108

normal life span of platelets

Back 108

7-10 days

Front 109

importance of albumin

Back 109

-maintenance of fluid balance within the vascular system. capillary walls are impermeable to album, so its presence in the plasma creates an osmotic force that keeps fluid in the vascular space. it is produced by the liver. It has the capcity to bind to several substances that are transported in the plasma (certain meds, bilirubin, some hormones). people with poor liver function may have low albumin, with a resultant decrease in osmotic pressure and the development of edema

Front 110

why might edema occur with impaired liver function?

Back 110

low albumin concentrations decrease the osmotic pressure of the vascular space, leading to fluid shifts

Front 111

monocytes to macrophages

Back 111

monocytes are released from the marrow, spend a short time in circulation, about 24 hours, then enter the body tissue. differentiate into macrophages, which can survive for month

Front 112

functions of macrophages

Back 112

-phagocytosis of foreign invaders (bacteria and other pathogens)
-remove old or damaged cells from circulation
-stimulate the inflammatory process
-present antigens to the immune system
-give rise to histiocytes
-are part of the RES

Front 113

histiocytes include

Back 113

-Kupffer cells of the liver, peritoneal macrophages, alveolar macrophages,

Front 114

what is the site of activity for most macrophages

Back 114

the spleen

Front 115

if the spleen is enlarged,

Back 115

a greater proportion of red cells and platelets can be sequestered.

Front 116

functions of spleen

Back 116

-removes materials from reticulocytes so they can mature to erythrocytes
-pool many platelets (20-40%) and some erythrocytes (5%)
-major source of hematopoiesis in fetal life
-can resume hematopoiesis later in adulthood if necessary, like if bone marrow fn is compromised
-immunologic - forms opsonins that promote the phagosytosis of neutrophils, forms the antibody IgM after exposure to an antigen

Front 117

hemostasis

Back 117

the process of preventing blood loss from intact vessels and of stopping bleeding from a severed vessel.

Front 118

anemia in elderly patients

Back 118

-frequently reswults from iron deficiency (in blood loss), nutritional deficiency (esp folic acid or VB12), protein-calorie malnutrition
-also in inflammation or chronic disease
-id cause and treat it

Front 119

the spleen as part of the RES specifically removes what from newly released reticulocytes?

Back 119

nuclear fragments, denatured hemoglobin, iron