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54 Cards in this Set
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Recreational fishing
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fishing for pleasure or competition
tools: permits and license restrictions, size limits, seasonal closures, catch and release requirement, possession limit |
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polyculture
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using multiple 'crops' in one space in order to imitate diversity
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Market based solutions
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a. taxes
increased cost of fishing , provide management revenue, encourage innovation b. property rights public resources become privitized c. quota management IQ, ITQ, TAC |
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spatial management solutions
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a. MPAs
Benefits: increase catch mix (age), maintain species diversity, increase habitat complexity, increase density levels Cost: increased monitoring and enforcement, forgo economic opportunity, fishermen decrease catch within area, congestion in fishing area b. national marine sanctuaries (13 of them ) marine protection, research, and sanctuaries act of 1972 provided discrete areas of marine environment marine park example- Saba in Netherlands, Antilles (first self funded 1987), universal support, low impact fishing, tourism unexpected marine reserve- Goat Island (New Zealand, 1977) with public acceptance, benefit fishermen, fishing economy, increased tourism, crowding in ecosystem, self monitoring c. marine spatial planning 1972 Marine Protection research and sanctuaries act, zoning areas within US EEZ |
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ratchet the quota
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this occurs when quota holders argue for increasing the TAC because it will raise their individual quota
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early adopters
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adopt before most other fishermen, but adopt an innovation AFTER innovators but before early majority
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marine stewardship council MSC
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largest certification program that is very expensive but from the producers standpoint it can help get access to markets
cannot accommodate small scale lack of consideration form stock declines, foodchain,bycatchandhabitateffectsand/ orafailuretoidentifyallstakeholde |
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spillover (MPA)
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occurs when fish inside the reserve are captured/benefit outside the reserve due to replenished stocks
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striped bass fishery
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SUCCESS:)
collapsed in 1970s but with management made a come back in stocks , as of 2011 NOT overfished and NO overfishing is occurring 1. colonial rule 2. emergency striped bass act 3. 1984 Atlantic striped bass conservation act (federal and ASMFC marine fisheries council) 4. management rule |
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fishing community issues
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Fishing Voice movie in Penobscot, eastport, Hancock and Washington county
mudflats for worm for bait, lobster in summer/fall, people are more specialized nowadays whereas in past was a jack of all trades in multiple fields to maximize profit during different seasons no cod or haddock after 1990 collapse zones of lobster changing technology excludes small scale fishermen because decreased value for processors fishermen lost permits without abundance of ground fish MUST BUY INTO FISHERY to get a catch quota national standard 8 is meant to minimize impacts on fishing communities |
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downeast ground fish initiative DEGI
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mainly inshore and small scale with smaller boats within 1 day trips
90% dependent upon lobster DEGI is a multi faceted process of science policy and collaboration to rebuild and protect diverse stocks of ground fish, provide access to fishing rights and assure profitability 3 principles: 1. protect ecosystem structure and function especially spawning areas, nursery ground, and critical habitat by controlling how, when, where fishing is conducted 2. create healthy resource based community through partnerships among fishermen, community members, managers and scientists 3. support diversified coastal fishery based on equitable access to resources, principle based governance, and science |
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a fishing community
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substantially dependent out substantially engaged in harvest or processing of fishing resources
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charter boats
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recreational fishing, take people out to fish, limit people per time period
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head boats
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recreational fishing, people pay per head
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blue revolution book
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The Economist is the title, the promise of fish farming
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intensive aquaculture
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rely upon technology to have artificial tanks for high density fish, produces high yields with a large start up cost
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extensive aquaculture
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less effort for fish husbandry, performed in the ocean, natural and man made lake, bags, rivers, and fjords
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privatization
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enclosing the commons, expect to encourage long term investment, stewardship, and efficiency
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limited access Ironbridge programs LAPP
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Magnuson Stevens Fishery conservation and management reauthorization Act of 2006 created LAPP. allows h harvest of fish of messing requirement included within catch shares, harvest quantity of TAC
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Chef's collaborative
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Bristol bay regional seafood development association, goal to serve sustainable sockeye salmon year round and protect pebble mine
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certification
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a review of a fishery, occurring as either a) review of standard b) review of results
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labeling
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attracts consumers geared to a specific product
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Eco label
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educated consumers to change buying behavior, producers respond with better practices, tools that communicate a certification that was conducted
MSC, WWF consumer seafood guide, |
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consumer education campaigns
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inform consumers to make better choices
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direct marketing arrangements
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processor-consumer- fishermen
DMA (direct marketing associatiom)- partners with or bypass distribution system to supply seafood to individuals or institutional buyers example : off boat sales, farmer markets CSF() - based upon agricultural model, consumers pre pay for shared of fish locally caught or harvest seafood growing now |
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seafood watch cards
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Monterey bay. inform consumers of what fish to not eat because it is not a sustainable fishery
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new Zealand quota management system
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in 1986 it was overfished and fishing was being capitalized, ended the open access fishery, allocation depended upon upon 2-3 years, fixed quota, excluded natives resulted in high grading, misreporting, quota busting , and consolidation
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mid Atlantic surf clam and ocean quahog fishery
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1990. moratorium. limited access vessels. no replacement vessels. capital stuffing occurred. allocate to OWNERS. no caps. 9 year vessel catch history. outcome: consolidation of vessels (77 to 28), reduce capital and labor, increase economic efficiency, NOT overfished it NO overfishing
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de jure
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of the law
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total allowable catch TAC
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management goals (MSY, MEY), requires biological and socioeconomic information
consequences: dangerous work condition, increased costs, shorter seasons, wide fluctuations in landing and prices |
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individual quota
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sum of IQ = TAC
emerge in 80/90s benefit: reduce overcapitalization, increase safety, flexible work conditions, longer season, better market and prices |
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individual transferable quota
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"cap & trade" = but and sell shares
benefits: avoid "derby", safe working Conditions, stewardship and conservation incentives, economic efficiency( address capital overstuffing and overcappimg) concern: equity of allocation, rapid consolidation, creation of property right of public resources |
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efficiency
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increase CPUE
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derby fishing
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race to the finish of tac
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catch shares
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2009 US ocean policy by Barack obama, 19 voluntary groups assigned percentage of TAC, 98% joins sectors
versus open access |
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overcapitalization
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company issues more debt and equity than worth of assets
total monetary value invested in fishing (fishing capacity) than what is needed to catch at least cost |
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capital stuffing
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investing in bigger better boats and equipment to help catch available fish before competitors
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quota stacking
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owner stocks multiple IQ of boats onto one vessel
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arm chair fishermen
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fishery landlord, pay others to do labor and catch fish, earn income from quota lease fees, even rent out shares after retirement
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quota busting
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go past max capacity of quota
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price dumping
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manufacture export a product to another country at price Sold at home or below cost
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high grading
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selectively harvesting best quality of fish brought ashore
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black landing
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illegal catching at landings
example mackerel and herring in Scotland |
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data fouling
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misreport data
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buffer zone
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human activity becomes limited in scope and impact
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13 national marine sanctuaries
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the act
weakness mismatch issue to context inappropriately planking and management degradation damaging displacement illusion of protection |
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marine protected area
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IUCN def: a clearly defined geographical space, recognized, dedicated and managed through legal or other effective means to achieve conservation of natural ecosystem and maintain cultural diversity
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marine reserves
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conservation preservation a consider stakeholder role, kind and levels allowed, size, location, spacing, buffer zones, time of protection, enforcement and monitoring, finding, and conflict resolution mechanisms
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peeps
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bill balantinew new Zealand
sebastion belle Maine aquaculture assc lester brown quote George bush papa' reserve Felicia Coleman (Florida state) bonnie mckay paper Richard Nixon (bill Clinton) Barack Obama us ocean policy 09 Elinor ostrom design principles |
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bill balantine
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spread head the development of new Zealand marine reserve, goat island bay
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lester brown
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author of who will feed China, wake up calk v for a small planet, a aquaculture role
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George Bush
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papahamna' marine sanctuaries by the antiquities act in 2006 |
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Richard Nixon
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president during the 14 million gallon oil spill in Santa Barbara
1972 environmental bill of MPAs (marine protection research and sanctuaries act) |
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Barack Obama
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US Ocean Policy (2009), pacific ocean sanctuary
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