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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Cancer is a disease that begins________
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microscopically
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T/F: Cancer is the 2nd leading cause of death in the United States?
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True
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What does neoplasia mean?
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New growth
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Neoplasmic cells lose or gain differentiated features?
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lose- also have larger nuclei
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A method of tracing the amount of tumor is because neoplasia membranes contain________
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antigens- trace through blood screen
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Proliferation
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The process of cell division inherent adaptive mechanism for cell replacement when old cells die or more are needed. (adaptive process)
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Differentiation
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Cells become more specialized w/each mitotic division
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Apoptosis
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Programmed cell death- helpful to excrete old/damaged cells.
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A change is cell during the cell cycle is _________
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neoplasm
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During G2 _________ are developed for cell division
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enzymes
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When there are defects and or checkpoints are missing, what will often happen?
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Cancer
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Carcinogenesis: Initiation
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Cancer-causing agent damages DNA
-genetic -dietary -virus -chemical -environmental |
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Carcinogenesis: Promotion
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Damaged cell exposed to agents that encourages cell growth.
Hormonal growth factors enable |
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Carcinogenesis:Progression
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Invasion- spread
Metastasis- once at this point there is no turning back. |
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Anaplasia
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Cells undifferentiated- very significant changes w/larger nuclei
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Pleomorphism
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Process by which cells exhibit changes in size/shape
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How are humors graded in size?
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1-4 (the larger the number the worse the tumor)
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The hallmark growth characteristic of cancer is________ ___________
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genetic instability
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Growth Characteristics of Cancer
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-Growth factor Dependence
-Loss of cell density -Loss of cohesiveness & adhesion -Poor cell-cell communication -Indefinite life span -Abnormal cytoskeleton features -Abnormal secretion of enzymes and hormones |
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Growth of the cancer is affected by what..... (3 factors)
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- Tumor type
-Vascularity -Hormone Level |
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T/F: Cancer cells are immortal
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True
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Aneuploidy
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Unusual # of chromosomes
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Proto-Oncogene- what is it associated with?
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Over activity- which accelerated cell development
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Proto-oncogenes convert to ___________
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oncogenes
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Oncogenes are introduced to host cell by what?
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Retrovirus
----------------chromosomes get mixed up |
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Tumor suppressor genes ________ proliferation of tumor cells. When underactive tumor _______ occurs
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inhibits;growth
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P53 gene is associated with what cancers
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-lung
-breast -colon |
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BRCA1 & BRCA2 are associated with what cancer?
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breast cancer
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Benign tumors
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Normal non-cancerous, slow in growth, well differentiated & resembles tissue of origin
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Malignant tumors
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Cancerous, rapid in growth, altered tissue of origin
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How are tumors named/classified (4 ways)
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1) Tissue of origin
2) Biological Behavior 3) Anatomical Site 4)Cell differentiation |
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Carcinoma
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Glandular or squamous epithelium
-- Include organ of origin |
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Sarcoma
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Connective Tissue (bone, cartilage, fat, muscle)
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Hematological Malignancies
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Leukemia, Lymphoma,Multiple Myeloma
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The longer the growth fraction the ________ the doubling time
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Longer
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Metastasis
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Development of a secondary tumor in a location distance from primary tumor, occurs through lymph channels and blood vessels.
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What is the tumor growth curve chart called?
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Gompertzian Model
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T/F: The rate of the growth depends on the tissue growing?
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True
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TMN- what does it stand for?
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Tumor Size
Lymph node Metastasis |
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Tumor Markers ( 6 different types)
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Ectopic Production of Hormones
Isoenzymes Genes Protein Immunohistochemistry Microarray Technology |
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Cachexia Syndrome
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Wasting of body fat, muscle tissue = cancer anorexia
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Paraneoplastic Syndrome Top 3
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Hypercalcemia
SIADH Cushing Syndrome |
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What are some diagnostic studies for testing for cancer....
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Tumor Markers
H&H Leukocytes Lymphocytes Platelet Count Blood Chemistry Enzymes |
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Clinical Manifestations of Cancer
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Tissue Integrity
Systemic Manifestations -Anorexia -Fatigue -Sleep Disorders -Anemia |
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Cancer Treatment 3 Main therapies
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Radiation
Surgery Chemo |
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Cancer treatment of Radiation is most sensitive during what 2 phases?
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G2 and M
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If the DNA of a cell is damaged ______ will occur
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death
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Radiation- Higher doses are for the main tumor while lower doses are for ________
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metastasis/spread
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The number of radiation treatments is determined by the _______ and _______ of tumor
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size & location
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Brachytherapy Radiation
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Insertion of sealed radioactive sources into cavity
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What type of cancers is brachytherapy generally used for?
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Sealed isotopes (breast,cervical & prostate)
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T/F: Chemotherapy prevents meiosis from occurring.
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False- MITOSIS
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What is the most common childhood cancer?
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Leukemia
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Cancer in children affects what major systems?
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Hematopoietic
Nervous Soft Tissue Bone Kidneys |
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What are major side effects of chemo?
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N/V
Anorexia |
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What are the 4 classifications of Leukemia
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ALL-
CLL AML CML |
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Myelogenous classification of leukemia
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Involve pluripotent myeloid stem cells in bone marrow, which interfere with maturation of all blood cells.
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Lymphocyctic classification of leukemia
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Immature lymphocytes originate in bone marrow but infiltrate the spleen, lymph nodes, CNS & other tissues
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Lymphoma
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Malignancies that arise in peripheral lymphoid tissue
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What are the 2 classifications of Lymphoma
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Hodgkins & Non-Hodgkins
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Hodgkins- characteristics
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cells begin malignant in single lymph node then spread continuously to all lymph nodes.
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Non-Hodgkins- Characteristics
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Heterogeneous lymphocytic cancers that are multicentric in origin & spread to virus tissue throughout body.
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What are the 3 types of Bone Marrow Transplantation
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Allogeneic
Syngeneic Autologous |
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T/F: Allogeneic BMT comes from yourself?
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False- it comes from another individual
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Syngeneic
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Bone marrow that comes from an identical twin
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Autologous
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Taken from own healthy bone marrow
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Graft-vs-host disease- what happens?
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When the T cells of donor see the host as foreign and can be deadly.
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chemo is most affective during what phase of the cell cycle?
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S phase
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