20Th C Euro Quiz1

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ausgleich

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The Austro-Hungarian Compromise of 1867 that established the Dual-monarchy of Austro-Hungary, which granted the Hungarian monarchy in Buda equal rights to the Austrian capital in Vienna. The intent being to increase Hungarian support following the Austro-Prussian war.

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Bismarck

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Prussian and German statesman and aristocrat of the 19th c. Minister-President of Prussia from 1862-90 who oversaw the unification of Germany. First chancellor of the Second German Republic, practised Realpolitik. Greatly influenced politics.

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Petrograd Soviet

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The workers' council in St. Petersburg, then known as Petrograd, established in March 1917 after the February Revolution. It was the representative body for the city's workers. Important as a rival government to the Provisional government during the Russian Revolution.

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Dreyfus Affair

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A political scandal that divided France from the 1890s to the 1900s. Involved a Jewish military captain in the French army, Albert Dreyfus, who was in convicted of treason in November of 1894. All accusations were false, and Dreyfus was exonerated and reinstated.

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Futurism

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Art movement that developed in Italy in the early 20th c, with parallel movements in English, Russia and elsewhere. Filippo Tommaso Marinetti, a writer, was its founder and launched the movement in his Futurist Manifesto. Futurism represents nationalism and the triumph of technology over nature, and is performed in every medium of art, including gastronomy.

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October Revolution

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Also known as the Bolshevik Revolution, began with an armed insurrection in Petrograd, on the 25 October, 1917. It was teh second phase of the Russian Revolution, following the February Revoltion of earlier that year, overthrew the Provisional Government and captured the Winter Palace.

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Autocracy

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a ruling principle of the tsars that argued that power was best wielded by a single monarch without the limitations of checks and balances or other institutions (e.g. parliament, constitution). Had the effect of preserving arbitrary, highly centralized rule in Russia long after it had disappeared elsewhere in the European world.

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Schlieffen Plan

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Early 20th c. overall strategic plan for German victory on the Western Front against France and against Russia in the east that took advantage of the difference in the time it took each country to mobilise. Created by Alfred Von Schlieffen, Resulted in years of trench warfare.

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liberalism

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Broad class of political philosophies that emphasizes individual rights and equality of opportunity. Demanded parliamentary governments against monarchical rulers and increased representation from the desire to end feudal privileges.

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IRA

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Irish republican revolutionary military organisation establish 25 November 1913, responsible for the Easter Uprising. Waged a guerilla campaign against British rule in the Irish War of Independence from 1919-1921. Intended to overthrow the Irish Free State and Northern Ireland and re-establishing the Irish Republic.

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"total war"

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a conflict of unlimited scope in which a belligerent engages in a mobilization of all available resources at their disposal, whether human, industrial, agricultural, military, natural, technological, or otherwise, in order to entirely destroy or render beyond use their rival's capacity to continue resistance. Became a separate class of warfare in the 19th c.

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Weimar

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From 1919 to 1933, the name of the Republic that ruled Germany inbetween the two wars. The National Assembly drafted a constitution in Weimar, because Berlin was rife with fighting. Emerged from the German Revolution.

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Treaty of Versailles

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Peace treaty of WWI than ended the war between Germany and the Allied powers on 28 June 1919. It required Germany and its allies to accept responsibility for the war, but was undermined, eventually leading to future conflicts. Part of the Paris Peace Conference.

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"democratic peace"

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Is the theory that "liberal" democratic countries never go to war with one another. If all nations were

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provisional government

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Established in 1917 in Petrograd after the February Revolution.

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Lenin

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Russian revolutionary, communist politician. principal leader of the October Revolution.

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14 Points

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Wilson.