2016 Mft Exam

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A-B-C Theory:

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A method from REBT utilized to make the connection between (A) the

activating event, (B) the belief around the event and (C) the emotional and behavioral

consequences of the belief. REBT adds, (D) disputing the irrational belief and (E) the

emotional result of replacing it with a rational one.

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Aaron Beck:

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Known for developing Cognitive Therapy; also recognized for developing

the Beck Scales such as the Beck Depression Inventory-II (BDI-II), Beck Hopelessness

Scale (BHS), Beck Scale for Suicidal Ideation (BSS), Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI) and

Beck Youth Inventories

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Abandonment

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In the medical arena, it refers to the failure either to treat or to appropriately refer a patient who needs treatment when the provider knows that continued

treatment is necessary.

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Accommodation

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The process of altering or revising an existing schema in light of new information.

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Acting-Out

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Overreacting that expresses a personal problem. Usually it is a call for

attention. Can be vocal or physical.

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Advanced Accurate Empathy:

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An accurate understanding of a client based on active

listening and responding to the information (self-disclosure/feedback). In Rational-Emotive Behavioral Therapy, Ellis talks about the importance of accurate empathy. This is a continuing theme in therapeutic approaches. It relates to the congruency of the

therapist.

Example: When a therapist has a genuine grasp of what the client is trying to convey.

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Albert Ellis:

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An American Cognitive-Behavioral therapist known for developing REBT; known as the grandfather of Cognitive-Behavioral therapies.

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Alfred Adler:

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Creator of Adlerian Therapy, individual and family. Adler was one of the first to recognize the importance of children's birth order in their families of origin.

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All-or-Nothing Thinking:

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Evaluating things as absolutes such as "always", "never" and "ever"

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An Integrated Analysis of Oppression:

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The exploration of the affects on both men and

women having been raised in a culture where privileges are based on their gender roles.

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Anal Stage

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Stage 2 in the Psychosexual Development of a child; the focus is on learning independence, personal power and autonomy. During this stage, they begin to experience negative feelings.

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Androcentric Theory:

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A theory based on drawing conclusions about human behavior from male-oriented concepts.

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Anxiety

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In Psychoanalytic Therapy, this occurs when the ego is threatened by unconscious conflicts from the id or superego.

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Arbitrary Inferences:

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Making conclusions based on no relevant data.

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Arnold Lazarus:

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Developed Behavioral Therapy; was the first psychologist to apply desensitization techniques for treating phobias in therapy.

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Art Therapy:

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Using art to reveal the unconscious or to express emotions the client cannot otherwise articulate

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Assertiveness Training:

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technique utilized in Feminist Therapy to empower the client so they are able to get in touch with their interpersonal rights and move beyond stereotypical gender roles and negative beliefs

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Assimilation

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The process of adding new material/information to an existing schema.

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Automatic Thoughts:

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Personalized perceptions that are easily triggered automatically by an event or experience resulting in an emotional response.

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Aversive Counterconditioning:

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A form of treatment whereby pairing a stimulus or

behavior with an aversive or unpleasant stimulus reduces the attractiveness of that particular stimulus or behavior.

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Awareness

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It is through insight, self-acceptance, direct experience and responsibility for choices where change takes place. This is the primary function of the therapist in

Gestalt Therapy.

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Awareness of Death/Nonbeing:

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When one understands death is part of being human,

he/she can evaluate life and determine if they are living authentically.

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B.F. Skinner:

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Was one of the most well known psychologists in Behaviorism. He invented the "Skinner Box" to demonstrate his theory of Operant Conditioning.

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Basic Level of Differentiation:

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The functioning that is not reliant on the emotionally

driven relationship process resulting in a person's emotional separation from his/her family of origin.

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Behavior Exchange Theory:

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In Meichenbaum’s Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy, it is the explanation of behavior in relationships as maintained by a ratio of costs to beliefs.

Costs to Beliefs

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Behaviorism

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A method or theory of learning focused on the stimulus and responses of behavior.

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Bibliotherapy

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A technique utilized in Feminist Therapy where a therapist provides reading material such as books, poems or any written material to help personal growth as

a supplement to the sessions.

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Black Box:

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A metaphor derived from cybernetics, referring to the idea that it is more accurate to observe the individual's input and output, as opposed to contemplating what is

going on in their minds.

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Block Energy:

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A form of resistance by which tension is manifested in the body preventing one from breathing easy, relaxing or feeling. If one discovers the places where the energy is blocked, then one can obtain awareness.

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Boundaries

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In Bowen terms, the boundary between self and others (family system), which determines the level of fusion and differentiation.

Describes the emotional barriers that preserve and help develop the integrity of individuals, subsystems and families.

Can be diffused (enmeshed), rigid (disengaged) or clear.

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Bupropion

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A drug that has a stimulant type of effect and is used primarily for the treatment of Major Depression. Bupropion can also be used to treat ADHD, Bipolar

Depression,

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Calibration

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The normal or standard operational system of the family.

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Carl Jung

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Analytic Therapy termed Jungian, Jung believed individuals generally move toward wholeness and individuation.

Saw culture as having great influence on personal

development and viewed therapy as a healing process. The Myers-Briggs, used to assess personality types, is based on Jung’s work.

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Carl Whitaker:

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Experiential Family Therapy; the concept was to help families uncover their honest emotions and forge more genuine family ties from enhanced authenticity.

Pioneered the use of co-therapists as a way to maintain objectivity.

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Carol Gilligan:

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feminist and psychologist known for writing, In a Different Voice:Psychological Theory and Women's Development (1982) in which she pointed out in

Kohlberg's theory, that girls developed slower in morality, was incorrect because his research was based primarily on boys. As a direct result, Kohlberg revised his scoring methods, which then proved boys and girls scored evenly

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Castration Anxiety:

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During the Oedipus complex when a boy develops a longing for mother's love, he fears his father will find out and cut off his penis.

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Catastrophizing

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Thinking about a situation with a focus on the worst possible outcome.

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Catharsis

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Release of accumulated emotions. Catharsis is used in Gestalt Therapy. One of the potential dangers of Gestalt Therapy involves catharsis. Sometimes an inexperienced therapist may lead a person to the point of catharsis, releasing intense emotion without knowing how to take the client from there

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Cathexis

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Connecting emotional energy such as feelings, meaning or significance to an idea, object or person.

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Chaining

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Linking behaviors in a series resulting in each behavior being both the reinforcement (or consequence) for the previous behavior, and the stimuli (or antecedent)

for the next behavior.

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Chronic Anxiety:

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The result of one's reaction to disturbances in the system. The lower the level of differentiation, the less adaptable to stress. The more chronic anxiety, the

more stress on one's ability to adapt in a family system.

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Circular Causality

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Behavior is influenced or related to the pattern of interactions.

Example: A effects B, therefore B influences A.

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Classical Conditioning:

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A method of learning by pairing a neutral (conditioned)

stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus which then induces a reflex or response.

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Closed (or Closed-Ended) Group

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A group therapy structured to begin and end within

previously designated time frame. No new members are admitted within that time frame.

Example: A 6-month, once a week, weight-loss support group.

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Cognitive Therapy:

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The theory that moods, behaviors and emotions are affected and shaped by one's perception of the event.

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Coloring Therapy:

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Is a simple intervention to use. The activity of coloring itself is used as a way to begin to quiet the mind, listen inwardly and open up to higher knowledge,

healing and creativity.

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Communication

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The input and output of feedback as a mechanism for power struggles within families. Resulting in the maintaining of dysfunctional cycles.

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Communication Theory:

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Based on the premise that dysfunctional patterns in families could be analyzed through the exchange of verbal and non-verbal messages. It is the foundation of General Systems Theory.

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Conditioned Response:

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The response elicited by a conditioned stimulus resulting from pairing a conditioned stimulus with an unconditioned stimulus, thus Classical Conditioning.

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Conditioned Stimulus

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A neutral stimulus paired with an unconditioned stimulus in Classical Conditioning.

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Confluence

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One of the five channels of resistance in Gestalt Therapy, when one attempts to blend in and go along with others, avoiding conflicts in order to feel accepted

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Conscious

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When one uncovers the unconscious and brings thoughts and feelings to awareness, one has experienced a level of consciousness, providing them with the

understanding of their own behavior and problems.

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Contact

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Growth occurs when one is able to connect and interact with others without sacrificing one's autonomy or individuality and without dependency or fusion.

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Contingency

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Reinforcement is dependent on the completion of the desired behavior.

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Co-Operating Relationship:

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A therapeutic relationship by which the therapist engages with the client in a collaborative fashion of honesty, optimism, nurturing and authenticity. The client becomes the expert as opposed to the therapist being the expert.

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Coping Questions:

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A technique whereby the therapist asks the client questions to bring awareness to their own resources and natural coping skills that may have gone unnoticed.

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Core Beliefs

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Automatic understandings which are rigid and viewed as absolute truths, or over-generalized and maintained as beliefs despite their inaccuracy.

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Core Conditions:

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Main and necessary conditions for change including empathy, positive regard and congruence.

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Corrective Emotional Experience:

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The replacement of an old emotion with a new,

more productive and positive one.

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Couples Group Therapy

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Several couples meet in a group to work out problems they have in common.

Example: A group comprised of couples whose marriage has been threatened by the death of a child.

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Counter Conditioning:

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A conditioned stimulus is coupled with another stimulus to evoke a response contrary to that produced by the original stimulus.

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Countertransference:

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The unconscious responses of the therapist to the client's

transference. The irrational reactions therapists have toward their clients.

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Curative Factors

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Term used by Yalom to describe the therapeutic processes that bring about change.

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Cybernetics

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The analysis of a controlled system by observing the flow of information, feedback and communication.

Front 65

David Epston:

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Cofounder of Narrative Family Therapy with Michael White. Epston emphasized the theory that to maintain new narratives, clients need supportive communities. He was an advocate of writing letters to clients.

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47. The following term is used in experiential family therapy to describe a set of beliefs based on a distortion of a historical reality shared by all family members:

(A) Family rules

(B) Family rituals

(C) Family myths

(D) Family orders

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47. The following term is used in experiential family therapy to describe a set of beliefs based on a distortion of a historical reality shared by all family members:

(C) Family myths