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51 Cards in this Set

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What are the five factors that need to be taken into consideration when relating building construction to the Fire Service?
1. Type of Construction
2. Size of the Building
3. Age of Construction
4. Renovations
5. Type of Occupancy
In the Fire Service who's responsibility is it to recognize and understand basic types of building construction?
Everyone's
What are some benifits of knowing basic types of building construction?
1. can evaluate potential routes of fire extension
2. determine and identify weak points which may fail
3. estimate how long it will take to get fire attack teams into position ahead of the fire.
By understanding the size of the building, it allows firefighters two determine what two things?
1. it helps to determine occupant loads
2. it helpts to determine the amount of firefighting resources needed
The physical dimensions of the buiding and knowledge of the location of the fire within, will allow incoming companies to estimate what?
the length of hose lines and resources needed to begin a fire attack.
T or F:
Crews can operate in a building of conventional construction for a longer period of time than they can in a building of lightweight construction.
TRUE
Which will fail more rapidly? Lightweight construction, or Conventional construction.
Lightweight construction
What is the average life of a building?
75-100 years
Over time, what 4 things contribute to degradation of structural integrity?
1. erosion of mortar in brick walls
2. corrosion of exposed metals
3. rotting
4. insect infestation of wooden structural members
The original safety factor designed into the structure will be reduced or eliminated after _________?
Renovations
The Type of Occupancy allows a determination of what?
What kind and number of firefighting resources to bring to the scene.
When structures are loaded, three types of stress is created. What are they?
1. Tension
2. Compression
3. Shear
T or F:

Shear can not occur in both directions?
FALSE:
Shear can occur in both directions
Define: Copression
Compression causes material to come together and crush each other.
Define: Tension
Tension cause stress on building material which pulls the materials apart.
A method of reinforcing (Strengthening) concrete or other material with high strength steel strands or bars is called?
Post-tensioning
The high strength steel strands or bars used in post-tensioning are called?
Tendons
Define: Shear
Stress from shearing causes building materials to fracture and slide across the fracture point in the opposite direction.
Define: the neutral plane
When you have a wooden beam, supported on each end with a load, there will be a small amount of wood along the center of the beam from end to end that is not experiencing any compressive or tensile stresses.
What are the three types of loads?
1. Axial
2. Eccentric
3. Torsional
Define: Axial Load
Axial loads are a force that passes through the center of the mass of the supporting element, perpendicular to its cross section.
When all conditions are equal a structure will hold its greatest load when the load is _______.
Axial
Define: Eccentric Load
This load is a force that is applied perpendicular to the plane of the section, but does not pass through the center of the section.
Eccdentric loads cause a supporting member to ______.
bend
Define: Torsional Loads
Torsional loads are forces that are offset from the shear center of the section under construction.
Torsional loads create ________ stress on the structural member.
twisting
Steel beams, superheated in a fire will expand by _________.
Enlongating
If both ends of a superheated steel beam are restrained securely enough, elongation cannot take place, so the beam will expand by _______.
twisting (Torsional loading)
________ can carry the greatest load axially.
Columns
The load that a column can carry is reduced by a factor of _____, if a column's length is doubled and all other factors remain the same.
4
True or False:
Loads can be classified as DEAD or LIVE loads?
True
Define: Dead Loads
The entire structure and every thing that is permanently attached to it, such as flooring, columns, beams, roof air conditioners, marquees, etc.
Define: Live Loads
The weight of all materials and people associated with but not part of the structure.
As Firefighters, what is the #1 Live Load we introduce to a stucture?
Water
True or False:
A ground ladder placed against a building's exterior is a Live Load?
True
Remember if you are on a roof and you begin to walk you are a live load whcih then becomes an _______ Load
Impact Load
Define: Impact Load
A load that is in motin when it is applied.
What is another name for an Impact Load?
Shock Load
The force teh structure experiences is ___ times the stress weight.
2
Ex. of Impact Load: A 250 lb. ball is sitting on a roof. Once the ball begins to roll you are now creating ____ lbs. of stress.
500 lbs.
How large should an collapse zone be?
1 1/2 the height of the building
Where are aerial operations the safest around a building?
At the corners.
What are 3 indicators of possible building collapse?
1. Cracks or separations in walls, floors, ceilings and roof structures.
2. Evidence of existing structural sinstability such as the presence of tie rods ans stars that hold walls together.
3. Loose brick, block or stone falling from a building.
1. Cracks or separations in walls, floors, ceilings and roof structures.
2. Evidence of existing structural sinstability such as the presence of tie rods ans stars that hold walls together.
3. Loose brick, block or stone falling from a building.
Name some signs of a building collapse.
1. prolonged fire exposure 
2. walls that appear to be leaning
3. structureal members that appear to be distorted
4. Fire beneath floors whta support "extreme weight"
5. cracks
6. creaking noises
1. prolonged fire exposure
2. walls that appear to be leaning
3. structureal members that appear to be distorted
4. Fire beneath floors whta support "extreme weight"
5. cracks
6. creaking noises
Name the 3 types of collapse patterns?
1. Lean To
2. V-Shaped
3. Pancake and Cantilever
Heavy wall collapses occur in _________ and ________.
un-reinforced walls and tilt up construction.
Define: Lean-To collapse
occurs when one outer wall fails but the opposing wall remains intact.
occurs when one outer wall fails but the opposing wall remains intact.
What is the most difficult type of collapse to deal with and why?
Lean-To collapse, because it will generally "hinge" on the remaining wall not collapsing. Precautions must be taken early and shoring operations should be started to prevent total collapse.
Define: V-Shaped Collapse
usually occurs when the floor and or roof fail and the outer wall stays intact
usually occurs when the floor and or roof fail and the outer wall stays intact
Define: Pancake Collapse
caused from one floor collpsing causing the floor to come down on the next floor.
caused from one floor collpsing causing the floor to come down on the next floor.
Key Points when dealing with a building collapse
1. Avoidance
2. Recognize Hazards
3. Establishe a safety zone and evacuation locations
4. Monitor the environment
5. Shoring should be implemented
6. Limit the number of FF's and exposure time.