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140 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Why did the ruminant digestive system evolve?
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so that feed such as grass could be eaten quickly and chewed later
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Name 3 domesticated ruminant animals.
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Cattle, sheep, goats
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Name the 4 compartments of the ruminant digestive system in order.
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1) Rumen
2) Reticulum 3) Omasum 4) Abomasum (ROAR to remember the parts, backwards alphabetically to remember the order) |
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What percent of the stomach capacity does the rumen make up.
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80%
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A goat's rumen can hold how many gallons of material?
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6 gallons
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This compartment of the ruminant's digestive system acts as a large fermentation vat that mixes and stirs up the food.
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Rumen
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How is feed converted to products animals can use in the rumen?
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microorganisms such as bacteria, fungi, and protozoa live in the rumen and break down the feed
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Do ruminants need to consume 100% of their daily protein requirements?
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No, the rumen can produce up to 2/3 of their daily protein requirements thanks to the microbes in the rumen
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What type of digestive system can digest celluose?
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ruminant
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What is the relationship between the rumen microbes and the ruminant animal called?
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Symbiotic relationship
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In this type of relationship, each organism gains something, it is a win-win relationship
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Symbiotic relationship
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An environment without oxygen is called what?
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anaerobic
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What type of environment do rumen microorganism require?
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warm moist, and anaerobic
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What 3 gases do rumen microorganisms produce?
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Methane
Ammonia Carbon dioxide |
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What is eructation?
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Letting off gasses by belching
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These are a product of fermentation that can be used as an energy source in ruminants.
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Volatile Fatty Acids (VFA's)
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What is the pH of a healthy rumen?
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between 6.0-6.5 (slightly acidic)
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Acetic, propionic, and butyric are 3 examples of what?
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Volatile Fatty Acids (VFAs)
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A healthy rumen is:
a) acidic b) neutral c) basic |
acidic
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A bolus of food is also known as what?
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Cud
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Regurgitating a bolus of food from the rumen for rechewing is called what?
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Rumination
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What does rumination accomplish?
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1) reduces particle size of the feed for further digestion by the microbes in the rumen
2) adds saliva to the rumen which acts as a buffer to help maintain a constant rumen pH |
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A low fiber, high concentrate diet in a ruminant results in what changes in the rumen?
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1) the production of a lot of gas and acid from rumen microorganisms
2) less saliva going into the rumen to buffer the rumen |
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system mixes and stores food. It has a honeycomb pattern on the inside to catch large particles of feed or hardware.
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Reticulum
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system prevents large particles of fees from entering the omasum.
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Reticulum
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system catches hardware such as nails and wire.
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Reticulum
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What is one major concern with an animal that may have hardware?
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that the nail or wire may puncture the reticulum and affect the nearby heart
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The third compartment of a ruminant digestive system is what?
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Omasum
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system is also called "many plies".
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Omasum
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system has many leaves or pages inside that are stacked like the pages of a book. It's main function is to squeeze and absorb water from the feed.
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Omasum
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The fourth compartment of a ruminant digestive system is called what?
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Abomasum
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system is also called the true stomach.
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Abomasum
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This compartment of the ruminant digestive system produces and secretes digestive enzymes and acids, such as hydrochloric acid and pepsin, to break down food into nutrients that are used by the body.
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Abomasum
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Name an enzyme produced by the aAbomasum.
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Pepsin
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Name an acid produced by the abomasum.
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Hydrochloric acid
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After food leaves the rumen where does it go?
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Reticulum
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After food leaves the reticulum where does it go?
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Omasum
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After food leaves the omasum, where does it go?
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Small intestine
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After food leaves the small intestine, where does it go?
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Large intestine
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What are the 6 essential nutrients for goats?
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Water
Vitamins Minerals Protein Carbohydrates Fats |
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What is the most important nutrient needed for survival.
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Water
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What percentage of a goat's body is composed of water?
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50-80%
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What are water's main purposes for animals nutrition.
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1) helps with the body's digestion of food
2) helps transports nutrients throughout the body 3) helps rid the body of waste material 4) helps regulate body temperature |
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How many gallons of water per day will a 100 pound, non-lactating goat typically drink?
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1 gallon
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What factors contribute to the variation of water consumption?
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1) age
2) productive state 3) environmental temperature 4) the type of feed being consumed |
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What percent water is goats milk?
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87% water
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What is the main source of energy for a goat?
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Carbohydrates
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What 3 elements are carbohydrates made up of?
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carbon
hydrogen oxygen |
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Carbohydrates are converted to what in the rumen?
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Volatile fatty acids (VFA)
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Carbohydrates are separated into what two groups?
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Structural carbohydrates
Nonstructural carbohydrates |
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This group of carbohydrates are found in high concentrations in forages or fibrous by-products.
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Structural carbohydrates
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This group of carbohydrates are components of the plant cell walls that give structure to the plant.
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Structural carbohydrates
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Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) are part of the carbohydrate group.
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Structural carbohydrates
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This group of carbohydrates include the starches and sugars found in high concentrations in grains and some by-products.
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Nonstructural carbohydrates
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Which type of carbohydrate is more digestible?
a) Structural carbohydrates b) Neutral carbohydrates c) Nonstructural carbohydrates |
c) nonstructural carbohydrates
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This group of carbohydrates leads to the production of more propionic and butyric acids than acetic acid.
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Nonstructural carbohydrates
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This group of carbohydrates leads to the production of more acetic acid than propionic and butyric acid.
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Structural Carbohydrates
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Too many nonstructural carbohydrates can result in what two conditions?
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Acidosis
Laminitis |
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Too many nonstructural carbohydrates results in what changes to the rumen?
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Reduced rumen pH which can lead to an unhealthy rumen
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How does the energy provided by fats compare to that of carbohydrates?
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Fats supply 2.25 times more energy per unit than carbohydrates
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Milk replacer is high or low in fat?
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High
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Name 2 reasons for adding fat to the diet of a mature animal.
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1) to increase energy density of the ration
2) to reduce dustiness of grain diets |
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What is the typical fat percentage of a non-milk fed goat diet?
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3-4%
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What 3 things can too much fat in the ruminant diet cause?
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1) decrease feed intake
2) depress fat and protein content in milk 3) cause scouring |
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How are fats changed in the rumen?
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Hydrogen is added to the unsaturated fat to make them saturated (biohydrogenation)
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What are 2 commonly fed natural sources of fat in the goat diet?
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1) Whole Cottonseed
2) Whole Soybeans |
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This class of nutrients is needed for maintenance, growth, pregnancy, and lactation.
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Proteins
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This class of nutrients have a complex structure and are made up of nitrogen, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.
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Proteins
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The building blocks of proteins are what?
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Amino acids
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The term used to describe the actual protein that is digested in the small intestine and absorbed as amino acids is what?
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Metabolizable Protein (MP)
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In what 2 ways does a ruminant obtain amino acids?
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1) protein feedstuffs
2) the rumen microorganisms create protein |
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What percent of crude protein in a typical goats diet is broken down by microbial digestion to ammonia?
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65%
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What do the rumen microorganisms use as a food source to grow and replicate?
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ammonia
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Where is protein digested?
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Small intestine
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What happens to excess ammonia in the rumen?
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1) Absorbed into the bloodstream
2) converted to urea by the liver 3) recycled or excreted as urea in the urine |
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This term is used to describe the protein sources that are degrade or broken down into amino acids and ammonia in the rumen.
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Rumen Degradable Protein (RDP)
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Name a commonly used non-protein nitrogen source.
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Urea
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Protein that is not degraded or broken down in the rumen is what?
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Rumen undegradable protein (RUP)
or By-pass protein |
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This class of nutrients is required to help build strong bones and teeth.
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Minerals
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Name 5 important macro minerals for goats.
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Calcium
Magnesium Phosphorus Potassium Salt |
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Name 4 common microminerals in a goats diet.
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Copper
Manganese Selenium Zinc |
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A deficiency of what mineral will result in rickets in growing animals and milk fever in lactating animals?
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Calcium
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A deficiency of this mineral will result in grass tetany or grass staggers with animals on pasture
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Magnesium
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A deficiency of this mineral will result in a lack of appetite, unthrifty appearance, rickets in growing animals, and sign of pica.
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Phosphorus
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A deficiency in this mineral will result in decreased feed and water intake, weight loss, reduce milk yield, dull hair coat.
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Potassium
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A deficiency in this mineral will result in enlarge neck on adults; goiter; kids born weak, hairless or dead.
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Iodine
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A deficiency in this mineral will result in anemia.
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Iron
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A deficiency in this mineral will result in white muscle disease which includes leg weakness, flexion of hock joints, muscle tremors, and heart failure.
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Selenium
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A deficiency in this mineral will result in reproductive problems such as retained fetal membranes, cystic ovaries, and metritis; increase in prevalence or severity of mastitis; and unthriftiness.
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Selenium
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This class of nutrients are organic compounds that are needed in very small amounts and are required for growth, production of milk and fiber, and reproduction.
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Vitamins
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Name the fat soluble vitamins.
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A
D E K |
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Name the water soluble vitamins
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B-complex
C |
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This vitamin keeps the eye and body cell linings healthy and working.
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Vitamin A
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A deficiency in this vitamin may result in night blindness.
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Vitamin A
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This vitamin is necessary for strong bones and teeth.
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Vitamin D
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A deficiency of this vitamin may result in weak bones, swollen joints, and stiffness. They may also develop rickets.
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Vitamin D
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Symptoms of this condition are weakness and dragging of feet. If they are growing they may have crooked legs.
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Vitamin D
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This vitamin is an anti-oxidant, very important in stimulating and maintaining a good immune system, reduces the incidence of mastitis, and improves reproductive performance.
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Vitamin E
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A deficiency of this vitamin may result in white muscle disease.
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Vitamin E
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This vitamin helps to clot blood and stop bleeding.
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Vitamin K
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This vitamin is the only fat-soluble vitamin that can be synthesized in the rumen and does not need to be supplemented.
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Vitamin K
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What 3 vitamins can be produced by a ruminant and does not need to be supplemented?
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Vitamin K
B Vitamins Vitamin C |
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A deficiency of this vitamin may result in paralysis, hair loss, weakness, and poor appetite.
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B Vitamins
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In what situations would supplementation of B vitamins be warranted?
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1) High producing dairy goats
2) animals that are stressed or sick 3) very young animals |
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What is another name for vitamin C
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Ascorbic Acid
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A deficiency of this vitamin may result in loosening of teeth, brittle bones, slow growth and a sore mouth, but it is rare.
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Vitamin C
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Feedstuffs for ruminants are generally classified into what two categories?
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Forages
Concentrates |
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What is the main purpose for feeding concentrates?
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to supply extra energy and nutrients required for growth and production above that which is obtained from forages
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Name the category a feedstuff that is high in fiber and often an inexpensive source of important nutrients for ruminants belongs to.
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Forages
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What does forage quality largely depend on?
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the maturity of the forage at the time of consumption or harvest, processing, and storage
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As a forage matures, does the energy, protein, mineral, and vitamin contacts increase, decrease or stay the same?
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Decreases
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As a forage matures, does the fiber content increase, decrease or stay the same?
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Increases
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The higher the fiber content of a forage, the _____ the digestibility.
a) higher b) lower |
b) Lower
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When should the majority of forages be harvested?
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At early maturity
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The ____ the Relative Feed Value, the ____ valuable the forage.
a) higher, lower b) lower, higher c) higher, higher |
c) higher, higher
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List 3 examples of concentrates commonly used in goat rations.
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Corn
Oats Barley Sorghum Wheat |
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Name three ways to process grain that increases the digestibility of the grain.
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Rolling
Crimping Cracking Grinding Steam Flaking |
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Name a process that makes the starch in grains more available to the rumen microbes.
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Rolling
Crimping Cracking Grinding Steam Flaking |
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When feeding steam-flaked corn or finely ground dry corn, what practice should be taken to avoid disrupting the rumen health.
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ensuring adequate forage intake
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Name examples of plant protein sources.
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Soybean Meal
Cottonseed Meal Linseed Meal Canola Meal |
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Name examples of animal protein sources.
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Feather Meal
Blood Meal Nonruminant Meat & Bone Meal Fish Meal |
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Name a feed additive that are added to diets to help maintain optimal rumen pH.
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Sodium Bicarbonate
Sodium Sesquicarbonate |
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What is a feed additive called that is added to a diet to help maintain optimal rumen pH.
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Buffer
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When should you add a buffer to the diet of a ruminant?
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1) low forage/high concentrate diets
2) diets high in fermentable carbohydrates (i.e. steam flaked corn) 3) diets with small-particle-size forage that reduces the amount of time spent chewing 4) diets where forage and concentrate are fed separately and at different times |
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Animals that have been on antibiotic therapy may benefit from adding what to their ration?
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Direct-fed microbials such as yeast
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These feed additives are used to improve feed efficiency, control coccidiosis, and lower costs for growing animals.
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Ionophores
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The feed additives work by changing the rumen bacterial environment and causing a shift in the production of the VFA to more propionate versus acetate.
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Ionophores
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Ionophores in the diet can decrease methane production by up to what percent?
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30%
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Name an ionophore.
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Rumensin
Monensin |
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A feed product that contains all of the nutrients required by an animal except water and forage is called what?
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Complete Feed
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Products that are added or mixed into other feed ingredients to supply nutrients such as additional protein, vitamins, minerals or other additives that may be lacking in the base feed are called what.
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Supplements
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By law, what 8 things are feed manufacturers required to provide on every bag or package of product?
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1) Product Name and Brand Name
2) Purpose of Feed 3) Purpose of Medication and Active Drug Ingredients 4) Guaranteed Analysis 5) Ingredient Statement 6) Feeding Instructions 7) Warnings and Cautions 8) Name and Address of Distributor 9) Net Weight Statement |
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If a drug is used in a feed, what word must appear on the label below the name?
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Medicated
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What does guaranteed analysis not tell you?
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the quality or feeding value of a feed
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The first ingredient present in a list of ingredients on the feed tag is the_____.
a) highest concentration b) lowest concentration c) most important concentrate |
a) highest concentration
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In a rotational grazing system, the smaller pastures within a larger pasture that the animals are moved around to and from are called what?
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Paddocks
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How often should you rotate goats between paddocks in a rotational grazing system?
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every 3 - 7 days
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To break the growth cycle of parasites in a rotational grazing system, how long should a pasture lay dormant?
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at least 3 weeks
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What mineral should be supplemented to goats and sheep on pasture to prevent grass tetany?
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Magnesium
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Forage and grain mixed together prior to feeding is called what?
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Total Mixed Ration (TMR)
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