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251 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Articulation
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arthr/o
dysarthria |
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cerebellum(little brain)
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cerebell/o
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cerebrum(largest part of brain)
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cerebr/o
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skull
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crani/o
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entire brain
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encephalography
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sensation
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esthesi/o
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ganglion(knot)
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GANGLI/O
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glue
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gli/o
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knowing
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gnos/o
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sleep(3)
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hypn/o
somn/i somn/o |
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movement
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kinesi/o
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word or phrase
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lex/o
dyslexia |
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spinal cord or bone marrow
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myel/o
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stupor, sleep
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narc/o
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nerve
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neur/o
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speech
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phas/o
dysphasia |
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exaggerated fear or sensitivity
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phob/o
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carry or bear
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phor/o
euphoria |
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mind(3)
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phren/o
psych/o thym/o |
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split
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schiz/o
schizoid |
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body
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somat/o
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spine(thorn)
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spin/o
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vertebra(2)
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spondyl/o
vertebr/o *spondylosyndesis |
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three dimensional or solid
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stere/o
*stereotaxic |
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order or coordination
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tax/o
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thalamus(a room)
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thalam/o
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tone or tension
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ton/o
tonic |
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place
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top/o
-topestesia |
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ventricle(belly or pouch)
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ventricul/o
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down
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cata-
catatonic |
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weakness
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asthenia
-neurasthenia |
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seizure
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lepsy
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condition of abnormal impulse toward
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mania
-necromania |
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slight paralysis
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paresis
hemiparesis |
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plaralysis
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plegia
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What makes up CNS
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brain and spinal cord
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largest portion of the brain; it is divided into right and left halves known as cerebral hemispheres that are connected by a bridge of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum; lobes of the cerebrum are named after the skull bones they underlie
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cerebrum
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anterior section of each cerebral hemisphere responsible for voluntary muscle movement and personality
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frontal lobe
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portion posterior to the frontal lobe, responsible for sensations such as pain, temp, and touch
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parietal lobe
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portion that lies below the frontal lobe, responsible for hearing, taste, and smell
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temporal lobe
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portion posterior to the parietal and temporal lobes, responsible for vision.
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occipital lobe
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outer layer of the cerebrum consisting of gray matter, responsible for higher mental functions
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cerebral cortex
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two gray matter nuclei deep w/in the brain, responsible for relaying sensory info to cortex
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thalamus(diencephalon)
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ring or circle; convolution(mounds) of the cerebral hemispheres.
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gyri
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ditch; shallow grooves that separate gyri
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sucli
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splitting crack; deep grooves in the brain.
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fissures
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portion of the brain located below the occipital lobes of the cerebrum, responsible for control and coordination of skeletal muscles
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cerebellum
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region of the brain that serves as a relay b/w the cerebrum, cerebellum, and spinal cord, responsible for breathing, HR, and body temp; there are three levels: mesencephalon(midbrain), pons, and medulla oblongata.
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brainstem
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series of interconnected cavities w/in the cerebral hemispheres and brainstem filled with cerebrospinal fluid
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ventricles
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plasma-like clear fluid circulating in and around the brain and spinal cord
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CSF
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column of nervous tissue from the brainstem through the vertebrae, responsible for nerve conduction to and from the brain and the b ody
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spinal cord
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three membranes that cover the brain and spinal cord, consisting of the dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid.
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meninges
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nerves that branch from the CNS, including nerves of the brain(cranial nerves) and spinal cord(spinal nerves)
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PNS
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cranial nerves(how many pairs)
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12 pairs of nerves arising from the brain
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spinal nerves(how many pairs)?
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31 pairs of nerves arising from the spinal cord
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nerves that conduct impulses from body parts and carry sensory info the the brain-- alos called (1)
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motor nerves
1. efferent nerves |
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ANS
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nerves that carry involuntary impulses to SM, cardiac muscle, and various glands
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control center for the ANS located below the thalamus(diencephalon)
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hypothalamus
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division of the ANS concerned primarily with preparing the body in stressful or emergency situations
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sympathetic nervous system
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division of the ANS that is most active in ordinary conditions; it counterbalances the effects of the sympathetic system by restoring the body to a restful state after a stressful experience
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parasympathetic nervous system
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condition w/out speech; impairment due to localized brain injury that affects understanding, retrieving, and formulating meaningful and sequential elements of language
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aphasia
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condition of difficult articulation; group of related speech impairments that may affect the speed, range, direction, strength, and timing of motor movement as a result of paralysis, weakness, or incoordination of speech muscles
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dysarthria
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difficulty speaking
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dysphasia
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general term referring to levels of decreased consciousness with varying respnsiveness; a common method of assessment is the Glasgow ___ scale
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coma
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state of metal confusion due to disturbances in cerebral function-- there are many causes, including dever, shock, or drug overdose
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delirium
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impairment of intellectual function characterized by memory loss, disorientation, and confusion
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dementia
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loss or impairment of muscle function
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motor deficit
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loss or impairment of sensation
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sensory deficit
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pain along the course of a nerve
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neuralgia
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temporary of permanent loss of motor control
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paralysis
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defective(flabby) or absent muscle control caused by a nerve lesion
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flaccid paralysis
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stiff and awkward muscle control caused by a central nervous system disorder
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spastic paralysis
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partial paralysis of the right or left half of the body
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hemiparesis
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pain that follows the pathway of the sciatic nerve caused by compression or trauma of the nerve or its roots
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sciatica
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sudden, transient disturbances in brain function resulting from abnormal firing of nerve impulses(may or may not be associated with convulsions)
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seizure
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to pull together; type of seizure that causes a series of sudden, involuntary contractions of muscles
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convulsion
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fainting
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syncope
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evoking a response by touching
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tactile stimulation
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increased sensitivity to stimulation such as touch or pain
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hyperesthesia
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abnormal sensation of numbness and tingling w/out objective cause
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parethesia
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any of many types of loss of neurological function associated w/ interpretation of sensory info
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agnosia
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inability to judge the form of an object by touch
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astereognosis
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inability to locate a sensation properly, such as to locate a point touched on the body
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atopognosis
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disease of structural changes in the brain resulting in an irreversible deterioration that progresses from forgetfulness and disorientation to loss of all intellectual functions, total disability, and death
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Alzheimer disease
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a condition of progressive deterioration of mtor nerve cells resulting in total loss of voluntary muscle control; symptoms advance from muscle weakness in the arms, legs, muscles of speech, swallowing, and breathing to total paralysis and death--also known as Lou Gehrig disease
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis(ALS)
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condition of motor dysfunction caused by damage to the cerebrum during development or injury at birth, characterized by partial paralysis and lack of muscle coordination
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cerebral palsy(CP)
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disorder resulting from a change w/in one or more blood vessels of the brain
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cerebrovascular disease
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hardening of the arteries of the brain
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cerebral arteriosclerosis
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condition of lipid buildup w/in the blood vessels of the brain
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cerebral atherosclerosis
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dilation of a blood vessel in the brain
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cerebral aneurysm
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presence of a stationary clot in a blood vessel of the brain
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cerebral thrombosis
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obstruction of a blood vessel in the brain by an embolus transported through the circulation
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cerebral embolism
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damage to the brain caused by cerebrovascular disease(e.g. occulson of a blood vessel by an embolus or thrombus or intracranial hemorrhage after rupture of an aneruysm)
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cerebrovascular accident(CVA). Stroke
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brief episode of loss of blood flow to the brain usually caused by a partial occlusion that results in temporary neurological deficit--often precedes a CVA
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trasient ischemic attack(TIA)
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ischemia of the anterior circulation of the brain
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carotid TIA
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ischemia of the posterior circulation of the brain
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vertebrobasilar TIA
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inflammation of brain
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encephalitis
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disorder affecting the CNS characterized by recurrent seizures
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epilepsy
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tonic-clonic epilepsy
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stiffening-jerking; a major motor seizure involving all muscle groups--previously termed grand mal seizure.
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absence epilepsy
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seizure involving a brief loss of consciousness w/out motor involvement-- previously termed petit mal seizure
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seizure involving only limited areas of the brain with localized symptoms
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partial seizure
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tumor of glial cells graded by degree of malignancy
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glioma
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protrusion of a degenerated or fragmented intervertebral disk tso that the nucleus pulposus prodtrudes, causing compression on the nerve root
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herniated disk
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usually unilaterally-- also known as shingles
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herpes zoster
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hereditary disease of the CNS
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Huntington Disease(HD)
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characterized by bizarre involuntary body movements and progressive dementia
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Huntington Chorea
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abnormal accumulation of CSF in the ventricles of the brain as a result of developmental anomalies, infection, injury, or tumor(2)
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hydrocephalus
hydrocephaly |
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benign tumor of the coverings of the brain
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meningioma
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inflammation of the meninges
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meningitis
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paroxysmal attacks of mostly unilateral HA often accompanied by disordered vision, nausea, and/or vomiting, lasting hours or days and caused by dilation of arteries
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Migraine HA
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disease of the CNS system characterized by the demyelination of nerve fibers, with episodes of neurological dysfunction followed by recovery.
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MS
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autoimmune disorder that affects the neuromuscular junction, causing a progressive decrease in muscle strength with activity and a return of strength after a period of rest
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myastenia gravis
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inflammation of the spinal cord
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myelitis
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sleep disorder characterized by a sudden, uncontrollable need to sleep, attacks of paralysis(cataplexy), and dreams intruding while awake(hypnagogic hallucination)
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narcolepsy
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condition of slowly progressive degeneration of an area of the brainstem (substantia nigra) resulting in a decrease of dopamine; characterized by tremor, rigidity of muscles, and bradykinesia, usually occurring later in life
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Parkinson's Disease
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paralysis
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plegia
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paralysis on one side of the body
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hemiplegia
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paralysis from teh waist down
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paraplegia
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paralysis of all four limbs
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quadriplegia
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inflammation of the gray matter of the spinal cord caused by a virus, often resulting in spinal and muscle deformity and paralysis
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poliomyelitis
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inflammation involving 2 or more nerves, often owing to a nutritional deficiency such as lack of thiamine
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polyneuritis
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condition of abnormal function of the sympathetic nervous system in response to pain perception, usually as a result of an injury to an extremity; symptoms include persistent burning pain, tissue edema, joint tenderness, changes in skin color and temp, and abnormal sweating at teh pain site--decreased mobility caused by pain can lead to muscle atrophy and loss of motor function
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RSD-reflex sympathetic dystrophy
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periods of breathing cessation that occur during sleep, often causing snoring
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sleep apnea
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congenital defect in the spinal column characterized by the absence of vertebral arches, often resulting in pouching of spinal membranes or tissue
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spina bifida
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record of the minute electrical impulses of the brain used to identify neurological conditions that affect brain function and level of consciousness
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EEG-electroencephalogram
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record of minute electrical potentials(waves) that are extracted from ongoing EEG activity to diagnose auditory, visual, and sensory pathway disorders--also used to monitor the neurological function of pts during surgery
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evoked potentials
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electrical shock of peripheral nerves to record time of conduction; used to diagnose various PNS diseases
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NCV-nerve conduction velocity
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recording of various aspects of sleep to diagnose sleep disorders
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polysomnography-PSG
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intro of a specialized needle into the spine in the lumbar region for diagnostic or therapeutic purpose, such as to obtain CSF for testing; also called (1)
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LP-lumbar puncture
Spinal tap |
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nonionizing imaging technique using magnetic fields and radiofrequency waves to visualize anatomical structure(especially soft tissue), such as the tissues of the brain and spinal cord
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MRI
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use of magnetic resonance in imaging of the blood vessels-useful for atherosclerosis and thrombosis
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MRA-magnetic resonance angiography
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magnetic resonance image of the head to visualize the vessels of the circle of Willis(common site of cerebral aneurysm, stenosis, or occlusion)
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intracranial MRA
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magnetic resonance image of the neck to visualize the carotid artery
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extracranial MRA
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radionuclide organ imaging
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nuclear medicine imaging
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scan combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of the brain after admin. of radioactive isotopes
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SPECT brain scan(single photon emission computed tomography)
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technique combining nuclear medicine and computed tomography technology to produce images of brain anatomy and corresponding physiology--used to study stroke, AD, epilepsy, metabolic and brain disorders, chemistry of nerve xmissions in the brain, etc; it provides > accuracy that SPECT but is used less often because of cost and limited availability of radioisotopes
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PET
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x-ray imaging
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radiography
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x-ray of blood vessels in brain after intracarotid inj of contrast medium
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cerebral angiogram
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computer tomographic x-ray images of the head used to visualized abnormalities w/in(e.g., brain tumors, malformations)
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computed tomography(of the head)
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x-ray of the spinal cord made after intraspinal inj of contrast medium
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myelogram
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test performed to observe the body's response to a stimulus
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reflex testing
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involuntary muscle contraction after percusiion at a tendonindicationg function; positive findings are noted when there is either no reflex response or an exaggerated response to stimulus; numbers are often used to record responses:
no response 1+ diminished response 2+ normal response 3+ more brisk than average response 4+ hyperactive response |
DTR-deep tendon reflexes
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pathological response to stimulation of the plantar surface of the foot; a positive sing is indicated when the toes dorsiflex(curl upward)
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Babinski sign or relfex
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image made by sending ultrasound beams through the skull to assess blood flow in intracranial vessels--used in diagnosis and mgmt of stroke and head trauma
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transcranial sonogram
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excision of part of the skull to tapproach the brain
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craniectomy
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incision into the skull to approach the brain
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craniotomy
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removal of a herniated disk often done percutaneously
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diskectomy(discectomy)
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excision of one or more laminae of the vertebrae to approach the spianl cord
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laminectomy
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flattened posterior portion of the vertebral arch
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vertebral lamina
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utilization of a microscope to dissect minute structures during surgery
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microsurgery
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Dx and tx of disorders w/in the cerebral blood vessels performed in a specialized angiographic lab by interventional neuroradiologists; common procedures include:
-cerebral angioplasty and stent to resotre blood flow thru narrowed vessels such as the carotid artery, middle cerebral, and vertebrobasilar arteries |
neuroendovascular surgery
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surgical repair of a nerve
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neuroplasty
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spinal fusion
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spondylosyndesis
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radiation tx to inactivate malignant lesions involving the focus of multiple, precise external radiation beams on a target w/ the aid of a stereotactic frame and imaging such as CT, MRI, or angiography; used to treat inoperable brain tumors and other lesions
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Stereotactic(stereotaxic) radiosurgery
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mechanical device used to localize a point in space targeting a precise site
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stereotactic (stereotaxic) frame
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dissolution of thrombi using drugs(e.g tPA) used to trat acute ischemic stroke
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thrombolytic tx
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agent that relieves pain
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analgesic
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drug that prevents clotting of the blood; commonly used to prevent heart attack and ischemic stroke
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anticoagulant
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agent that induces sleep
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hypnotic
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agent that has a calming effect
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sedative
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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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flat affect
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emotional feeling or mood
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affect
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state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually incluidng muscle rigidity, staring,and inability to communicate
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catatonia
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persistent belief that has no basis in reality
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delusion
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person's false belief that he or she possesses a great wealth, intelligence, or power
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grandiose delusion
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person's false belief that someone is plotting against him o rher with intent to harm
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persecutory delusion
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restless, dissatisfied mood
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dysphoria
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significantly dulled emotional tone or outward reaction
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flat affect
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emotional feeling or mood
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affect
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exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
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euphoria
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state of unresponsiveness to one's outside environment, usually incluidng muscle rigidity, staring,and inability to communicate
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catatonia
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false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things
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hallucination
(alucinor=to wander in mind) |
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formation of thoughts or ideas
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ideation
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persistent belief that has no basis in reality
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delusion
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person's false belief that he or she possesses a great wealth, intelligence, or power
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grandiose delusion
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person's false belief that someone is plotting against him o rher with intent to harm
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persecutory delusion
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restless, dissatisfied mood
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dysphoria
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exaggerated, unfounded feeling of well-being
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euphoria
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false perception of the senses for which there is no reality, most commonly hearing or seeing things
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hallucination
(alucinor=to wander in mind) |
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formation of thoughts or ideas
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ideation
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state of abnormal elation and icnreased activity
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mania
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psychological condition in which anxiety is prominent
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neurosis
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mental condition characterized by distortion of reality, resulting in the inability to communicate or function within one's environment
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psychosis
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thought that lacks clear processing or logical direction
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thought disorder
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disorder causing periodic disturbances in mood that affect concentration, sleep, activity, appetite, and social behavior; characterized by feelings fo worthlessness, fatigue, and loss of interest
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major depression major depressive illness
clinical depression major affective disorder unipolar disorder |
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milder affective disorder characterized by a chronic dperession persisting for at least 2 years
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dysthymia
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affective disorder characterized by mood swings of mania and depression(extreme up and down states)
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manic depression
bipolar disorder(BD) |
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affective disorder marked by episodes of depression that most often occur during the fall and winter and remit in the spring
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seasonal affective disorder(SAD)
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most common anxiety disorder, characterized by chronic, excessive, and uncontrollable worry about everyday problems that affects the ability to relax or concetnratee but does not usually interefere wtih social interactions or employment; physical symptoms include muscles tension, trembling, twitching, fatigue, HAs, nausea, and insomnia--symptoms must exist for at least 5 months b4 a diagnosis can be made
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GAD
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disorder of sudden, recurrent attacks of intense feelings including physical symptoms that mimic a heart attack such as rapid heart rate, chest pain, SOB, chills, sweating. often progresses to agoraphobia
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PD
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preoccupation w/ thought of disease and concern that one is suffering from a serious condition persists despite medical reassurance to the contrary
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hypochondriasis
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which type of schizo:
1. featuring disorganized speech, behavior, and flat or inappropriate affect 2. featuring catatonia 3. featuring delusion, most often persecutory or grandiose types 4. concurrent with major depression or manic depression |
1. disorganized
2. catatonic 3. paranoid 4. schizoaffective disorder |
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electric shock to brain to induce convulsion; used to treat severely depressed pts
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ECT-electroconvulsive tx
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use of specialized illuminating light boxes and visors to treat seasonal affective disorder
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light tx
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tx of psychiatric disorder using verbal and nonverbal interactions w/ pts, individulaly in a group, employing specific actions and techniques
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psychotherapy
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tx to decrease or stop unwanted behavior
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behavioral tx
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tx to change unwanted patterns of thinking
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cognitive tx
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drugs used to treat psychosis, especially schizophrenia
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neuroletpic agents
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NCV
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nerve conduction velociy
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RDS
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reflex sympathetic dystrophy
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gland
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aden/o
-adenoma |
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adrenal gland(2)
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adren/o
adrenal/o |
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male
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andr/o
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to secrete
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crin/o
-endorcrine |
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dips/o
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thirst
-polydipsia |
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ketone bodies
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ket/o
keton/o |
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pancreas
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pancreat/o
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thymus gland
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thym/o
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thyroid gland(2)
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thyr/o
thyroid/o |
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located next to each kidney, the adrenal cortex secretes steroid hormones and the adrenal medulla secretes epinephrine and norepinephrine(2)
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adrenal gland
suprarenal gland |
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affect SNS in stresst response(2)
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EPI
NOREPI |
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in females secrete estrogen and progesterone
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ovaries
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stimulates secretion from thyroid gland
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TSH-thyroid stimulation hormone
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stimulates secretion from adrenal cortex
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ACTH-adrenocorticotropic hormone
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INitiates growth of ovarian follicle; stimulates secretion of estrogen in females and sperm production in males
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FSH-
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causes ovulation;stimulates secretion of progesterone by corpus luteum; causes secretion of testosterone in testes
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LH
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affects skin pigmentation
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MSH-melanocyte;stimulating hormone
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influences growth
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GH
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Stimulates breast development and milk production during pregnancy
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Prolactin
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Influences the absorption of water by kidney tubules
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ADH
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Influences uterine contraction
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oxytocin
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(name gland)
1. exact function unknown, affects onset of puberty 2. serves as a precursor to melatonin |
Pineal gland
1. melatonin 2. serotonin |
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What two hormones released by posterior pituitary? What controls it?(neurohypophysis)
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ADH and Oxytocin
xctrolled by hypothalamus |
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What 7 hormones controlled by anterior pituitary(adenohypophysis)
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TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, MSH, GH, Prolactin.
Xtrolled by hypothalamus |
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(name gland)
1. Regulate Metabolism(2) 2. Regulates calcium and Phosphorus metabolism |
Thyroid gland:
1. Triiodothyronine(T3), thyroxine(T4) 2. Calcitonin |
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(name gland)
1. Regulates calcium and phosphorous metabolism |
PTH
Parathyroid gland |
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Regulates carb/sugar metabolism
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Insulin, Glucagon
Pancreas |
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Regulates immune response
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thymosin
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(name gland)
1.Regulate carb metabolism and salt ans water balance; some effect on sexual charactertics. 2. Affect SNS in stress response |
Adrenal glands(suprarenal glands)
1. Steroid hormones: glucocorticoids, mineral corticosteroids, androgens. 2. EPI, NOREPI |
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Hormones produced in Ovaries responsible for development of female secondary sex characteristics and for the regulation of reproduction
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Estrogen, progesterone
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excessive thirst
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polydipsia
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collection of signs and symptoms caused by an excessive level of cortisol hormone from any cause, such as a result of excessive production by the adrenal gland, or more commonly as a side effect of tx w/ glucocorticoid hormones such as prednisone for asthma, RA< Lupus or other inflammatories,; symptoms include upper body obesity, facial puffiness, hyperglycemia, weakness, thin and easily bruised skin wtith stria(stretch marks), hypertension and osteoporisos
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Cushing syndrome
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excessive output of adrenal secretion of androgen in adult women owing to tumor of hyperplasia;evidenced by amenorrhea, acne, hirsutism, and deepening of voice
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adrenal virilism
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metabolic disorder caused by an abnormal utilization of insulin secreted by the pancreas; evidenced by hyperglycemia and glucosuria
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DM
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secreted by beta cells
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insulin
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diabetes in which there is no beta cell production of insulin.. the patient is dependenct of insulin for survival
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type I diabetes mellitus
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diabetes in which the body produces insulin, but not enough, or there is insulin resistance. Pt not usually dependent on insulin for survival
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Type 2 diabetes
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condition resulting from xcess amt of insulin in blood that draws sugar out of the bloodstream, resulting in hypoglycemia, fainting, and convulsions; often caused by an overdose of insulin or by a tumor of the pancreas
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hyperinsulinism
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master gland since it controls other glands, such as thyroid, adrenal, ovaries, and testicles
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hypophysis(pituitary)
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enlarged features from hyper pituitary after puberty
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acromegaly
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increase urine output most commonly caused by inadequate secretion of pituitary antidiuretic hormone(vasopressin); symptoms polyuria, polydipsia; urine appears colorless due to inability of kidneys to concentrate uine
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Diabetes insipidus
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hyper GH in childhood. large bones
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pituitary gigantism
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Graves, hyperthyroidism, Graves, thyrotoxicosis
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hyer secretion of thyroid gland characterized by exophthalmia, tachycardia, goiter, and tumor
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advanced bypothyroidism
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myxedema
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congential hypothyroidism, lack of mental and dwarfed
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cretinism
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postprandial
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after meal
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another name for glycohemoglobin
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A1c
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ct OF HEAD IS USED TO OBTAIN A TRANSVERSE VIEW OF PITUITARY GLAND
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ct
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MRI used for pituitary
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yes
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sonography used for THyroid
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YES
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antihypoglycemic
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durg that riases blood glucose
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