20.1 The Industrial Revolution In Great Britain

Front 1

The Industrial Revolution initiated a quantum leap in industrial production, by using new sources of energy and power, especially ____to run laborsaving machines.

Back 1

coal and steam

Front 2

Power machinery called for new ways of organizing human labor to ____from the new machines

Back 2

maximize the benefits and profits

Front 3

As many early factories were dreadful, reformers were especially critical of the treatment of ____

Back 3

married women

Front 4

During the Industrial Revolution, Europe experienced a shift from a traditional, labor-intensive economy based on farming and handicrafts to ____

Back 4

a more capital-intensive economy based on manufacturing by machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories

Front 5

Industrial Revolution fundamentally changed European society and relationship to other people. Large factories encouraged mass movements of people from countryside to urban areas where ____

Back 5

impersonal coexistence replaced the traditional intimacy of rural life

Front 6

The rise of ________class or proletariat substantially transformed traditional social relationships

Back 6

a wealthy industrial middle and a huge industrial working

Front 7

Industrial Revolution began in ____and spread to European continent and the New world; it had made Great Britain the wealthiest country in the world.

Back 7

Britain in the second half of the 18th century

Front 8

The best markets abroad were not in Europe, but in____, where people wanted sturdy, inexpensive cloths rather than costly, highly finished luxury items.

Back 8

America, Africa and the East

Front 9

Britain had the highest standard of living in Europe and a rapidly growing population. This ____led entrepreneurs to seek and accept new methods of manufacturing.

Back 9

demand from both domestic and foreign markets and the inability of the old system to fulfill it

Front 10

1n the 1770s and 1780s, ____took the first major revolutionary step by inventing the modern factory.

Back 10

the cotton textile industry

Front 11

The development of ____sped the process of weaving on a loom and enabled weavers to double their output.

Back 11

flying shuttle飞梭

Front 12

Until____, perfected by 1768, allowed spinners to produce yarn纱in greater quantities.

Back 12

James Hargreaves's spinning jenny珍妮纺纱机

Front 13

____, invented in 1787, allowed the weaving of cloth to catch up with the spinning of yarn and presented new opportunities to entrepreneurs.

Back 13

Edmund Cartwright's power loom埃德蒙•卡特赖特的动力织机

Front 14

____revolutionized the production of cotton goods and allowed the factory system to spread to other areas of production, thereby creating whole new industries.

Back 14

Steam engine

Front 15

In the 1760s, a Scottish engineer, James Watt created ____that could pump water from mines three times as quickly as previous engines.

Back 15

an engine power by steam

Front 16

1n 1782, Watt enlarged the possibilities of the steam engine when he developed ____that could turn a shaft and drive machinery.

Back 16

a rotary engine旋转式发动机

Front 17

Because steam engines were fired by coal, it offered____.

Back 17

a greater flexibility in their choice of location

Front 18

British cotton goods sold everywhere in the world, and in Britain itself,, cheap cotton cloth made it possible for ____

Back 18

millions of poor people to wear undergarments

Front 19

The steam engine was ____

Back 19

a tireless source of power and depended for fuel on a substance of (coal-unlimited in quantity)

Front 20

Between 1815 and 1850, the output of coal quadrupled. In turn, new processes using coal furthered the development of the____.

Back 20

iron industry

Front 21

Depending on charcoal in the Middle Ages and coke derived from coal in the early 18th century, high qualified iron was not attained until____.

Back 21

1780s when Henry Cort developed a system called pudding, in which coke was used to burn away impurities in pig iron

Front 22

High-quality wrought iron encouraged the use of machinery especially in the means of transportation as ____

Back 22

steamboats and railroads

Front 23

In 1804, ____pioneered the first steam-powered locomotive火车头on an industrial rail line in southern Wales-pulled 10 tons of ore and 70 people at 5 miles per hour.

Back 23

Richard Trevithick

Front 24

____, the better locomotive, was used on the first public railway line (opened in 1830, extending 32 miles from Liverpool to Manchester, at 16 miles per hour and 50 m/h 20 years later)

Back 24

George Stephenson's Rocket

Front 25

In 1840, Britain had almost 2,000 miles of railroads; 10 years later (1850), ____miles of track crisscrossed the country.

Back 25

6,000

Front 26

Unlike preindustrial workers, factory workers were forced to ____

Back 26

work regular hours and shifts to keep the machines producing at a steady pace for maximum output

Front 27

Factory regulations were minute and detailed. Adult workers were fined for a wide variety of ____

Back 27

minor infractions 违规such as a few minutes late for work, and dismissed for more serious misdeeds, especially intoxication

Front 28

Drunkenness was viewed as offensive because____

Back 28

it set a bad example for younger workers and courted disaster around dangerous machinery

Front 29

Employers found ____worked well for adult employees in the time when great population growth had produced large masses of unskilled labor

Back 29

dismissals and fines

Front 30

In 1851, the British organized the world's first industrial fair in London Crystal Palace: ____

Back 30

the Great exhibition contained 100,000 exhibits

Front 31

The Great Exhibition displayed____.

Back 31

Britain's wealth to the world and was a gigantic symbol of British success

Front 32

Children were less likely to understand the implications of dismissal, so they were disciplined more directly by ____

Back 32

beating

Front 33

By the year of the Great Exhibition in 1851, Great Britain had become the world's first and richest industrial nation. It produced ____of the world's coal and manufactured goods; its cotton industry alone was equal in size to the industries of all other European countries combined.

Back 33

one-half

Front 34

____wrote The History of the Cotton Manufacture in Great Britain in 1835 and discussed the success of Richard Arkwright理查德•阿克莱特, the inventor of a spinning frame and founder of cotton factories.

Back 34

Edward Baines爱德华•贝恩斯