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47 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

Empirical Methods

Approaches to inquiry that are ties to actual measurements and observation

Ethics

Professional guidelines that offer researchers a template for making decisions that protect research participants from potential harm and that help steer scientists away from conflicts of interest or other situations that might compromise the integrity of their research.

Hypotheses

A logical idea that can be tested or proven wrong

Systematic observation

The careful observation of the natural world with the aim of better understanding it. Observations provide the basic data that allow scientists to track, tall, or otherwise organize info about the natural world

Theories

Groups of closely related phenomena or observations

Behaviorism

The study of behavior

Cognitive Psychology

Thestudy of mental processes

Consciousness

Awareness of ourselves and of our environment

Empiricism

Thebelief that knowledge comes from experience

Eugenics

The practice of selective breeding to promote desired traits

FlashbulbMemory

Ahighly detailed and vivid memory of an emotionally significant event

Functionalism

Aschool of American Psychology that focused on the utility of consciousness

Gestalt Psychology

An Attempt to study the unity of experience

IndividualDifferences

Way in which people differ in terms of their behavior, emotion, cognition, and development

Introspection

A method of focusing on internal processes

Neural impulse

An electro-chemical signal that enables neurons to communicate

Practitioner-Scholar Model

Amodel of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes clinicalpractice

Psychophysics

Study of the relationships between physical stimuli and the perception of those stimuli

Realism

A point of view that emphasizes the importance of senses in providing knowledge of the external world

Scientist - Practitioner model

Amodel of training of professional psychologists that emphasizes the developmentof both research and clinical skills.

Structuralism

A school of American psychology that sought to describe the elements of conscious experience

Tip-of-the-tonguephenomenon

The inability to pull a word from memory even though there is the sensation that that word is available

BinocularAdvantage

Benefits from having two eyes as opposed to a single eye

Cones

- Encodes fine visual details + colour vision


- Light environments


- Three kinds


--S(blue), M(green), L(red)

Contrast

Relativedifference in the amount of light coming from two nearby locations

Contrast Gain

Process where the sensitivity of you visual system can be tuned to be most sensitive to the levels of contrast that are most prevalent in the environment

Dark adaptation

Process that allows you to become sensitive to very small levels of light, so that you can see in low light.

Lateral inhibition

Asignal produced by a neuron aimed at suppressing the response of nearby neurons

Opponent Process theory

- Four basic colours


-- Two pairs


--- RED/GREEN


--- BLUE/YELLOW


---Then there's black/white contrast


- Proposes that colours are encoded in terms of opponency (difference)

Photoactivation

A photochemical reaction that occurs when light hits photoreceptors, producing a neural signal

Primary Visual Cortex (V1)

- Located in Occipital Cortex (at back of head)


- Basic visual information processing


-- Detection, thickness, and orientation of simple lines, color, and small-scale motion

Rods

- Photoreceptors that are very sensitive to light


- Night vision

Synesthesia

-Blending of two or more experiences


- Automatic activation of a secondary/ indirect sensory experience due to certain aspects of the primary/direct sensory stimulation

TrichromacyTheory

Proposesthat all of your colour perception is fundamentally based on the combination ofthree different colour signals

Vestibulo-ocularreflex

- Coordination of motion with visual


- Allows you to maintain gaze while you move

Whatpathway

Pathwayof neural processing that deals with ability to recognize your surroundings

Where-and-How pathway

Pathway of neural processing that deals with where things are in the world and how to interact with them (stepping around a block)

Dichotic listening

- Two messages presented to different ears


- Experiment

Divided attention

ability to flexibly allocate attentional resources between two or more concurrent tasks

Inattentional Blindness

Failure to notice a fully visible object when attention is devoted to something else

Limited Capacity

The notion that humans have limited mental resources that can be used at a given time

Selective attention

ability to select certain stimuli to process while ignoring others


Shadowing


-Task


- Victim is asked to repeat an auditory message as it is being presented


Subliminal Perception

Ability to process info for meaning when individual is not consciously aware of that information

Dichotic Listening

a task in which different audio streams are presented to each ear

Inattentional Deafness

Failure to notice an unexpected sounds or voice when attention is devoted to other aspects of a scene

Selective Listening

Method for studying selective attention in which people focus attention on one auditory stream of info while deliberately ignoring other auditory info.