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119 Cards in this Set
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etiology
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refers to causes of disease including direct and predisposing cuases
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hematoylin & eosin stain
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H&E stain - routine stain used in study of histopathology. Hematoxylin - basic, stains basophilic. Acidic cellular components stain blue. Eosin - acidic, stains acidophilic. Basic cellular components stain pint to red
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histopathology
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synonymous with microscopic pathology and refers to study of cellular changes in deiseased tissues using light microscope and various staining techniques
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lesion
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refers to macroscopic or micrscopic abnormality in tissue as result of disease
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morbid pathology, gross pathlology
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refers to macroscopic alterations in tissue found at necropsy examination
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morbidity rate
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general and variously used term expressing ration of diseased indivuals in relation to the population in which they occur (sick rate)
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morphologic diagnosis
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name the lesions present
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mortality rate
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ratio of the number of deaths to the population in which they occur. The mortality rate expresses the number of deaths in a unit of population within a prescribed time (death rate)
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necropsy, autopsy
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postmortem examination of a body
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pathogen
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any disease producingagen
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pathogenseis
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includes the known (or proposed) stages of development, and involved mechanisms of a lesion or disease process. generally includes etiologic factors and all important stages from inception to development of the characteristic leision
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pathogenicity
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refers to capacity of producing disease. Qualitative term not quantitative. Tells whether susceptible or not
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pathognomonic
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gross or histopathological lesion that is characteristic of a specific disease and distinguishes this particular disease fform other diseases
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post mortem
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reffering to the state follwoing death
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prognosis
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the predicted outcome of patient recovery from its deisease as indicated by the nature and extent of the clinical signs and or lesions
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symptom
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subjective manifestation or expression of disease on the part of a patient
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sign
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objective evidence or physical manifestation of disease
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ulcer
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interruption of continuity of epithelial surface. Involves entire depth of surface cells and implies disruption of basement membrane.
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virulence
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quantitates the degree of pathogenicity. Usually refers to the disease-producing power of microorganisms. This is a quantitative term
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zoonosis
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infection or an infectious disease of animals transmissible under natural conditions to humans.
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pyknosis
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nuclear shrinkage- condensed chromatin - characteristic of necrosis
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karyolysis
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nucleus broken down - will see just a shadow of nucleus or no nucleus @ all - characteristic of necrosis
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Is pyknosis characteristic of necrosis or apoptosis?
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necrosis
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is karyolysis characteristic of necrosis or apoptosis?
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necrosis
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karyorrhexis
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nuclear fragmentation - may indicate apoptosis or necrosis
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malacia
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softening of tissue in disease
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caseous necrosis
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-crumbly cheese appearance to tissue
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pathogneumonic
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diagnostical - when you see it you know what it is caused by or what it is
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ecchymosis
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hemorrhagic lesions in range of 4-10mm
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petchiae
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pinpoint (1-2mm) hemorrhagic lesions
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flocculent
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congregating together (areas of dense vs nondense cells)
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moribund
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dying, at point of death
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equivocal
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of uncertain nature or significance
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serosa
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a thin membrane lining the closed cavities of the body
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urticaria
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hives- localized edema
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metastasize
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To spread from one part of the body to another
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atrophy
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a reduction in tissue mass or volume. Loss of cell can produce gross appearance of this
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hypertrophy
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increase in tissue mass or volume
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hyperplasia
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increase in cell numbers without significant change in their cellular structure or function
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metaplasia
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a reversible change in which one cell type is replaced by another type that is not normal to that tissue or organ. Such adaptive changes are only between cell type sof the same germ line (epithelium to epithelium etc.) Occurs via signals received by primitive cells in a population, NOT by making mature cells become cross-dressers. This is ALWAYS pathologic. Usually results from chronic irritation to tissue, constantly stresses cell constituents leading to change in overall appearance and constituent make up. Cells genreally unable to perform normal function, just trying to survive
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dysplasia
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loss of regular differentiation and orderliness. Usually accompanies by cellular atypia such as pleomorphism and hyperchromasia. Atypical proliferative changes in response to chronic irritation or nutritional deficiency and are not adaptive changes (cells have run amuk!) Generally considered pre-neoplastic lesion
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atypia
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state of being not typical
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Neoplasia
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tissue growth which exceeds and is uncoordinated with that of the normal tissue and persists in the same excessive manner after the cessation of the stimuli which evoked the change
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cirrhosis
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Chronic interstitial inflammation of any tissue or organ - usually involving liver (a condition in which the liver becomes scarred, fibrous, and filled with fat,)
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calcinosis
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the formation of calcium deposits in any soft tissue
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myiasis
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the invasion and feeding on living tissues of humans or animals by dipterous (fly) larvae.
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benign
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not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive (especially of a tumor)
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malignant
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dangerous to health; characterized by progressive and uncontrolled growth (especially of a tumor)
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anaplasia
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failure to differentiate (NOT dedifferentiation). A change in the character of a cell type such that it appears more primitive. An irreversible change associated with malignancy.
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pleomorphic
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Occurring in various distinct forms. In terms of cells, having variation in the size and shape of cells or their nuclei.
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-oma
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benign tumors usually named by attaching this suffix to the name of the cell from which the tumor arises
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sarcoma
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naming of malignant tumors of mesenchymal origin
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carcinomas
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naming of malignant tumors of epithelial origin
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adenoma
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benign epithelial neoplasms of glandular origin
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papilloma
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benign epithelial neoplasms on an epithelial surface
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polyps
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benign masses that project above the surface of a tissue
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Go cells
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nondividing population - resting labile or stable cells capable of regeneration with correct signals
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F cells
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nondividing population of terminally differentiated permanent cells
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agenesis
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complete absence of tissue / organ development
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aplasia
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rudimentary nodule of tissue representing organ, but it never developed into functioning organ
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atresia
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failure of opening to develop & become/remain patent
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hypoplasia
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organ small than normal but has nomral shape
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dysplasia
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tissue is abnormally shaped, can distinuish what type of tissue it is but it is not in correct form
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hamartoma
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local outgrowths that belong where they are. Recieve same signals as other similar tissues so they grow & develop at the same rate but since there is excess cells/tissue it grows larger than normal. Strawberry birthmarks are an example of having too much vasculature
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choristoma
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tissue growing @ same rate as other similar tissue but is in location that it doesn't belong.
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dysmorphogenesis
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developmental or congenital anomalies (the process of abnormal tissue development)
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dermoid cyst
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a cyst containing skin, or structures
connected with skin, such as hair. |
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ectopic
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in the wrong place
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ichthyosis
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inherited problem w/ zinc metabolism. Animal will develop scale like accumulations where skin should be.
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arthrogryposis
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Rigid fixation of the joints; usually in flexion but occasionally in extension.
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aneuploidy
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chromosomal problems. Variation in chromosome number involving one or a small number of chromosomes; commonly involves the gain or loss of a single chromosome
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necrosis
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breakdown of cellular components after cell death.
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autolysis
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breakdown of tissues after the death of animal
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cellular atrophy
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reduction in cell size. Reversible condition
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autophagy
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Digestion of the cell's own organelles.
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cellular hypertrophy
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increase in cell size. Invovles increase in cellular constituents (not cell numbers)
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vacuolation
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accumulation of water in cell compartments
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lipidosis
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accumulation of lipid vacuoles
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apoptosis
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active cell death.
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caspases
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family of cysteine proteases. Have specificity for asparate residues. Present as proenzymes and are activated by proteolytic cleavage. Autoactivation via aggregation, creating a cascade of activation. Act on a variety of substrates (regulatory & structureal proteins, cytoskeletal proteins, nuclear lamins). Activate CAD by cleaving CAD-ICAD complex leading to the cleavage of DNA
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caspase 3
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an important executioner caspase. It is a final common pathway
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caspases 8,9 & 10
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initiator caspases
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hyalinization
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smooth homogeneous appearance
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coagulation necrosis
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necrotic lesion that continues to hold original tissue shape
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liquefaction necrosis
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necrotic lesion that becomes soft (malacia) and looses shape of original tissue
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caseous necrosis
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necrotic lesion that has a crumbly cheese appearance
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gangrene
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synonymous with necrosis (dry & wet forms indicating coagulation and liquefaction necrosis respectively)
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superoxide dismutase
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enzyme involved inconversion of O2 to H2O2 (in lipid peroxidation)
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Reperfusion injury
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increase in free radicals and metabolites follwoing return of blood flow supply.
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ionophores
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drugs or toxins that can bind metal ions in solution and transport them across lipid barriers in natural or artificial membranes.
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opsonization
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binding of certain complement factors to cell surface to allow cell to be recognized by phagocytes for destruction
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dystrophic
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describes extracellular deposits that result from damaged components of cells or tissues - aortic mineralization and splenic capsular siderocalcinosis are two examples
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metatrophic
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describes extracellular deposits resulting from problems with Ca2+ / PO4 metabolism
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myopathy
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condition of progressive muscle weakness
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paraneoplastic
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disease or symptom that is the consequence of the presence of cancer in the body, but is not due to the local presence of cancer cells. A large number of these phenomena are mediated by the immune system.
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nidus
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An abnormal network of blood vessels that improperly connects arteries directly to veins
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pneumoconiosis
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dust retained in the lung
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anthracosis
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form of pneumoconiosis involving carbon in the lung
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hematoidin
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precipitated bilirubin - a bile pigmentbili verdin
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biliverdin
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intermediary product in formation of bilirubin - a bile pigment
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bilirubin
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product of hemoglobin catabolism. Pigment responsible for yellow discoloration of tissues
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hematins
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pigments formed by action of acid/alkali on hemoglobin - not normal breakdown products. Contain iron but don't stain w/ iron stains because the iron is tightly bound.
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hemosiderin
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an iron pigment derived from hemoglobin. It is chemically the same as ferritin. It occurs principally int he red pulp of the spleen but in other places where disintegration of RBCs has occured.
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porphyrins
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photosensitizing substances
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congential porphyria
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metabolic defect in metabolsim of porphyrins. abnormally high level of porphyrins in body.
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Hepatotoxic photosensitization
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Condition of photosensitizng pigments in tissues resulting from interference with excretion of phylloerythrin
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lipofuscin pigments
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group of yellow to brown substances derived mainly or partly from lipids or lipoproteins. Usually through to be end-products of cell membrane degeneration.
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pseudomelanosis
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a greyish to black surface discoloration of the liver, kidney, abdominal or intestinal walls. In patches over extensive areas. Due to postmortem bacterial action on blood in the involved organs with the formation of hydrogen sulfides
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melanosis
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grey to black pigment of the meninges, brain parenchyma, gastric & intestinal mucosa, kidney an dadrenal cortices, lung, larynx, esophagus and intima of major vessels as they leave the hear. Normal - not due to autolysis
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tracheal froth
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accumulation of foam with or without blood, filling airways, even the trachea. Often considered pathognomonic for pulmonary edema, it can be seen in any animal that dies slowly, allowing serum to leak from capillaries into the airways and then to be mixed to a froth as the lungs collapse after death.
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cold cataracts
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distinct white opacity of the lens of dead animals stored at colder than room temperature. Often disappear on warming carcass
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valvular edema
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accumulation of clear fluid in AV valves along entire width, but especially at their base. Also seen at bases of aortic and pulmonary valves. Common terminal event without significance.
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physiologic hyperemia
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well-marked reddening of all or a portion of the stomach or intestine w/o exudate, edema, or hemorrhage present to suggest inflammation. It is often mistakenly called hemorrhagic inflammation and is commonly seen in all species not bled out after death, allowing blood to remain in capillaries.
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teratogenic
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Causing birth defects.
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cancer
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any malignant neoplasm
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scirrhous
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description for gross morphologic appearance of neoplasm that is HARD
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desmoplasia
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This term refers to the growth of fibrous or connective tissue. description for gross morphologic appearance of neoplasm. Means BAND OR LIGAMENT
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antigenic
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being able to induce an antibody response.
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angiogenesis
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development of new blood vessels
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