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40 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the positive manifestations of:
a) irritation/damage to the motor neuron b) cutting motor nerve |
a) Fasciculation
b) fibrilation |
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What parameters do the following structures signal during normal muscle contractions:
a) Muscle spindle b)Golgi tendon organs |
a) length, rate of change of length
b) Force |
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What aspects of the clasp knife reaction and clonus that occur after corticospinal tract damage are controlled by the following structures:
a) Muscle spindles b) Golgi tendon organs |
a) Contraction after stretch
b) relaxation after contraction |
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How do withdrawal and crossed extension reflexes contribute to clinical manifestations after corticospinal tract damage?
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Noxious stimulus causes ipsilateral leg withdrawl and contralateral extension
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How do the withdrawal and crossed extension reflexes operate in in normal walking?
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Contact of sole f foot causes ipsilateral flexor withdrawal and contralateral extension
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What pathways consitute the postural motor control system and who does each do?
a) the __ pathway controls the __ b) the __ pathway controls the __ |
a) vestibulospinal, Labyrinthine reflex
b) Tectospinal, Tonic neck reflexes |
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In what ways can the tonic neck reflexes modify vestibulospinal reflexes to allow voluntary movement?
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Cancel or Augment
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What characteristizes teh following responses in terms of the consequenes of deprivation of higher control:
a) Decerebrate b) Decorticate |
a) Noxious stimulation of chest or brow causes extension of head and neck, arms and legs
b) Flexing neck causes arms to flex and legs to extend, extending neck causes arms to extend and legs to flex |
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The somatotopy of primary motor cortex maps ___ laterally and ____ medially, ____ posteriorly and ____ anteriorly
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Leg
Face Distal Proximal |
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How do we move just one finger?
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Some corticospinal neurons act to move the one digit
Other corticospinal neurons act to hold the other digits still |
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How do supplementary motor and premotor cortex contribute to the control of movement?
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They preset motor cortex corticospinal tract neurons to fine upon receipt of spindle or tactile inputs (the transcortical reflex)
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What happens after these "higher" cortical regions are damaged and motor cortex becomes hypersensitive to somatosensory inputs?
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Pathologic suck and grasp reflexes occur.
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Cateforize the synaptic action of the following subcomponents of the basal ganglia on their targets:
1) Putamen, Globus pallidus externa, Globus pallidus interna, and Caudaye are all 2) Substantia nigra pars compacta is ____ 3) Subthalamic nucleus is ___ |
1) Inhibitory
2) modulatory 3) excitatory |
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By the selection- brake hypothesis, the basal ganglia?
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Inhibity unwanted behaviors and dis-inhibit wanted behaviors
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What are some of the clinical presentations of damage of the basal ganglia
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1. Cocontraction muscle rigdity
2. Slow movement 3. Involuntary movements |
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In the circuitry of the cerebellum, which components are excitatory and which are inhibitory?
a) Purkinje, strllsyr, basket, and Golgi cells b) Mossy fibers, climbing fibers, granule cells & paralle fibers |
a) inhibitory
b) excitatory |
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How does the cerebellum( though trail and error learning) coordinate compound movements of many body parts?
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1) Single body muscles and limb muscles are mapped within each deep nucleus
2) Parallel fiber beams link together Purkinje cells projecting to the muscle maps in the deep nuclei |
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Identify a function of each deep cerebellar nucleus
1. Fastigal 2) Interposed 3) Dentate |
1) Control of many muscles in upright stance and locomotion
2) Control of agonist and antagonist muscles at single joints 3)Control of synergist muscles in reaching for targets in space and moving the digits |
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Circle the correct statement
a) Compunt movements are more controlled by the cerebellum than simple movements b) Movements at single joints and multi-joint movements are equally under cerebellar control |
A
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For language, cerebral cortical anterior lesions are usually associated with?
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Production difficulties
Left hemisphere dominance |
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A brainstem lesion that impaired the "step" but not the "pulse" function of ocular motor neurons would cause:
a) slow saccades that eventually get to the new target b) slow and hypometric saccades c) normal velocity saccades that drifted back to mid orbit d) saccades that overshoot and oscillate. |
C
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The experiments performed in VOR lab (the jiggling print expt, the OKN drum, and the chair rotation expt) demonstrated the following:
a) VOR performance is best for sustained head rotation in 1 direction b) the pursuit or slow phases of OKN are in the same direction as target motion c) APs in the vestibular nerve attenuate after ~300 sec of rotation d) pursuit is a high frequency system and the VOR is a low frequency system |
B
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The slow phases of the VOR
a) destabilize images on the retina b) are influenced by deflection of kinocilia in the semicircular canals c) get progressively faster during head rotation at a constant velocity d) move the eyes in the same direction as the head |
B
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Vergence eye movements are used primarily to:
a) shift the fovea rapidly to a new target b) smoothly track moving targets c) reduce binocular displarity d) compensae for fast head rotation |
C
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Name the 5 taste sensation
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Sweet
SOur Bitter Salty Umami |
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T2Rs detect which taste?
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Bitter
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The olfactory bulb projects to which of the following areas
A0 Thalamus B) hippocampus C) piriform cortex d) parietal cortex e) hypothalamus |
C, E
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Which of the following express only one receptor type?
a) T1R expressing taste cells b) T2R expressing taste cells c) olfactory sensory neurons |
A, C
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Short-term facilitation is usually due to an accumulation of _____ in the presynaptic terminal
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Ca2+
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Describe one suspected role for synpathetic homeostasis
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Allows the brain to represent intermediate states by modulating Hebbian plasticity, which would drive the brain to only recognize extreme states.
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What is the effect of Leptin and Ghrelin, acting through receptors in the hypothalamus?
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Leptin is released by fat cells and causes an increase in metabolic rate and a decrease in appetite while Ghrelin causes a decrease in metabolic rate and an increase in appetite (3 /4)
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Characterize the role of the PAG in reduction to stress
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PAG sends projections to autonomic centers and puts the body in either a "flight or flight" state or a quiesscent state depending on the nature of the stress
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The effect of traumatic lesions on most forms of procedural or non-declarative memory
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Most forms of procedural memory are not affected by traumatic lesions, so old procedural memories are recalled (looks performed) and new ones can be formed by repetition
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What is the effect of paraplegia on micturation?
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Paraplegics must learn the "short loop" reflex (where bladder stretch triggers emptying) that in normal adults is overridden by the "long loop" ( which has conscious control)
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What nucleus is the likely site of sleep initiation, and how does it exert its function?
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VLPO initiates sleep
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What is the behavio effect of lesion in the ventromedial frontal cortex?
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Loss of visceral response to emotional stimuli and loss of understanding of the long-term consequences of your actions
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Where are declarative memories likely to be stored?
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In the sensory cortex, which projects to hippocampus and receives projections back from hippocampus (3/4)
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What is the major behavioral result of isolated lesions of the amygdala?
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Loss of normal fear response and inability to respond properly to emotional social cues can lead to social isolation and inability to recognize some emotions
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Outline one major mechanism by which the CNS controls BP?
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Barorecetors in carotid sinus project through solitary tract to nucleus of solitary tract. If BP is high & reflex are projects to nucleus ambiguus which has parasympathetics to heart, decreasing force of contraction and lowering BP. Also NTS projects to inhibit sympathetics
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"Violet sleepng" or "REM behavior disorder is generally thought to be cause by loss of what cells?
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Descending inhibitory cells project down and inhibit all motor function (except extraocular and middle ear muscles) during REM sleep, but these appear to be lost in violent sleeping
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