2007 First Aid Ch 17 Respiratory

Front 1

Conducting zone

Consists of

Back 1

nose, pharynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles.

Front 2

Respiratory zone

Consists of

Back 2

respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts, and alveoli.

Front 3

Pneumocytes

Pseudocolumnar ciliated cells extend to the

Back 3

respiratory bronchioles;

Front 4

Pneumocytes

extend to the respiratory bronchioles

Back 4

Pseudocolumnar ciliated cells

Front 5

Pneumocytes

goblet cells extend to the

Back 5

terminal bronchioles.

Front 6

Pneumocytes

extend to the terminal bronchioles.

Back 6

goblet cells

Front 7

Pneumocytes

%'s

Back 7

Type I cells (97% of alveolar surfaces)

Type II cells (3%)

Front 8

role of

Type I cells

Back 8

line the alveoli.

Front 9

role of

Type II cells

Back 9

-secrete pulmonary surfactant.
-serve as precursors to type I cells and other type II cells. Type II cells

Front 10

role of

clara cells

Back 10

secrete a component of surfactant - degrade toxins - act as reserve cells

Front 11

ratio of in amniotic
fluid is indicative of fetal
lung maturity.

Back 11

A lecithin-to-sphingomyelin
ratio of > 2.0

Front 12

bronchopulmonary segment

structure

Back 12

3°(segmental) bronchus
- 2 arteries (bronchial
and pulmonary) in the center - veins and lymphatics drain along the borders.

Front 13

what is described by RALS––

Back 13

the heart. The relation of the
pulmonary artery to the
bronchus at each lung hilus
is described by RALS––
Right Anterior; Left
Superior.

Front 14

Structures perforating diaphragm

what and levels

Back 14

-T8: IVC.

-T10: esophagus, vagus (2 trunks).

-At T12: aorta (red), thoracic duct (white), azygous vein (blue).

Front 15

Pain from the diaphragm can be referred to

Back 15

the shoulder.

Front 16

Muscles of respiration

in exercise

Back 16

Inspiration––external intercostals, scalene muscles, sternomastoids.

Expiration––rectus abdominis, internal and external obliques, transversus abdominis,internal intercostals.

Front 17

5 Important lung products

Back 17

-Surfactant
-ACE
-Prostaglandins
-histamine
-Kallikrein

Front 18

Surfactant

aka

Back 18

dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine

or

lecithin

Front 19

Collapsing pressure =

Back 19

2T/R

T=tension
R= radius

Front 20

what activates bradykinin

Back 20

Kallikrein

Front 21

role of Kallikrein

Back 21

activates bradykinin

Front 22

role of ACE in lung

Back 22

angiotensin I → angiotensin II; inactivates bradykinin

Front 23

lung effects of ACE inhibitors and other effect

Back 23

ACE inhibitors ↑ bradykinin and
cause cough, angioedema)

Front 24

role of surfactant/mech

Back 24

↓ alveolar surface tension

↑ compliance

Front 25

TLC =

Back 25

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Front 26

VC =

Back 26

TV + IRV + ERV

Front 27

TV + IRV + ERV

Back 27

VC

Front 28

IRV + TV + ERV + RV

Back 28

TLC

Front 29

what causes a shift of the curve
to the right.

Back 29

An ↑ in all factors (except pH)

Front 30

what causes a shift of the curve to the left.

Back 30

A ↓ in all factors (except pH)

Front 31

Pulmonary circulation


normal resistnace and compliance

Back 31

Normally a low-resistance, high-compliance system.

Front 32

Pulmonary circulation


A ↓ in PaO2 causes

Back 32

a hypoxic vasoconstriction that shifts blood away from
poorly ventilated regions of lung to well-ventilated regions of lung.

Front 33

Pulmonary circulation


Perfusion limited
what molecules / when / describe / how to change

Back 33

O2 (normal health),
-CO2,
-N2O.
Gas equilibrates early along the length of the capillary. Diffusion can be ↑ only if blood flow ↑.

Front 34

Pulmonary circulation


Diffusion limited
what molecules / when / describe

Back 34

–O2 (exercise, emphysema,
fibrosis),
-CO.
-Gas does not equilibrate by the time blood reaches the end of the capillary.

Front 35

Normal pulmonary artery pressure =

and when is it changes

Back 35

Normal pulmonary artery pressure = 10–14 mm Hg; or >35 mm Hg during exercise.

-pulmonary HTN ≥25 mm Hg

Front 36

Pulmonary hypertension

primary vs secondary

Back 36

Primary––unknown etiology, poor prognosis.


Secondary––usually caused by COPD, also can be caused by L → R shunt.

Front 37

O2 content =

Back 37

(O2 binding capacity × % saturation) + dissolved O2.

Front 38

O2 changes as Hb falls

Back 38

O2 content of arterial blood ↓ as [Hgb] falls,

but O2 saturation and arterial PO2 do not.

Front 39

Arterial PO2 ↓ with

Back 39

chronic lung disease; physiologic shunt ↓ O2 extraction ratio

not decrease in Hb

Front 40

-Normally 1 g Hgb can bind

-normal Hgb amount in blood

-Normal O2 binding capacity

Back 40

-1 g Hgb can bind 1.34 mL O2;

-Hgb amount in blood is 15 g/dL.

-O2 binding capacity ≈ 20.1 mL O2 / dL.

Front 41

↑ A-a gradient may occur in

Back 41

-hypoxemia; causes include
shunting, high V/Q mismatch, fibrosis (diffusion block)

Front 42

CO2 transport forms

Back 42

1. Bicarbonate (90%)
2. Bound to hemoglobin as carbaminohemoglobin (5%)
3. Dissolved CO2 (5%)

Front 43

Haldane effect

Back 43

In lungs, oxygenation of hemoglobin promotes dissociation of CO2 from hemoglobin

Front 44

Bohr effect

Back 44

In peripheral tissue, ↑ H+ shifts curve to right, unloading O2

Front 45

7 Response to high altitude

Back 45

1. Acute ↑ in ventilation
2. Chronic ↑ in ventilation
3. ↑ erythropoietin
4. ↑ 2,3-DPG
5. Cellular changes (↑ mitochondria)
6. ↑ renal excretion of bicarbonate to
compensate for the respiratory alkalosis
7. Chronic hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction results in RVH

Front 46

Emphysema

types with causes

Back 46

Centriacinar: caused by smoking.

Panacinar: α1-antitrypsin deficiency

Front 47

α1-antitrypsin deficiency leads to

Back 47

Panacinar Emphysema and liver cirrhosis

Front 48

Paraseptal emphysema: what and who

Back 48

associated with bullae →can rupture →pneumothorax;
often in young, otherwise healthy males.

Front 49

associated with bullae →can rupture →pneumothorax;
often in young, otherwise healthy males.

Back 49

Paraseptal emphysema

Front 50

Emphysema

pathology

Back 50

↑ elastase activity.

Enlargement of air spaces and ↓ recoil resulting from destruction of alveolar
walls.

Front 51

Chronic Bronchitis

pathology

Back 51

Hypertrophy of mucus glands in the bronchioles →Reid index = gland depth / total thickness of bronchial wall; in COPD, Reid index > 50%.

Front 52

Reid index

Back 52

gland depth / total thickness of bronchial wall; in COPD, Reid index > 50%.

Front 53

Bronchiectasis

pathology

Back 53

Chronic necrotizing infection of
bronchi →permanently dilated airways,

Front 54

Bronchiectasis

complications

Back 54

purulent sputum, recurrent infections, hemoptysis.

Front 55

causes of Bronchiectasis

Back 55

Associated with bronchial obstruction, CF, poor ciliary motility, Kartagener’s
syndrome.

Front 56

Asthma triggers

Back 56

Can be triggered by viral URIs, allergens, and stress.

Front 57

Restrictive lung
disease causes

Poor breathing mechanics (extrapulmonary):

Back 57

a. Poor muscular effort––polio, myasthenia gravis
b. Poor structural apparatus––scoliosis, morbid obesity

Front 58

Restrictive lung
disease 8 types

Interstitial lung diseases (pulmonary):

Back 58

1. (ARDS) 2. Neonatal RDS
3. Pneumoconioses
4. Sarcoidosis
5. Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis
6. Goodpasture’s syndrome
7. Wegener’s granulomatosis
8. Eosinophilic granuloma

Front 59

Pneumoconioses

name some

Back 59

coal miner’s silicosis, asbestosis

Front 60

Neonatal respiratory distress
syndrome

Tx

Back 60

maternal steroids before birth;

artificial surfactant for infant.

Front 61

Adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

pathophys

Back 61

Diffuse alveolar damage →↑ alveolar capillary permeability →protein-rich leakage into alveoli. Results in formation of intra-alveolar hyaline membrane.

Front 62

Adult acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)

initial damage due to

Back 62

-neutrophilic substances toxic to alveolar wall,
-activation of coagulation cascade,
-oxygen-derived free radicals.

Front 63

Sleep apnea

types

Back 63

Central sleep apnea––no respiratory effort.

Obstructive sleep apnea––respiratory effort
against airway obstruction.

Front 64

Sleep apnea

define

Back 64

Person stops breathing for at least 10 seconds
repeatedly during sleep.

Front 65

Sleep apnea

complications

Back 65

- systemic/pulmonary hypertension,
-arrhythmias,
-possibly sudden death.
-chronic fatigue

Front 66

Asbestosis

mech

Back 66

Diffuse pulmonary interstitial fibrosis caused by inhaled asbestos fibers.

Front 67

asbestos

wrt malignancy

Back 67

↑ risk of:

pleural mesothelioma

bronchogenic carcinoma.

Front 68

pneumoconioses

where in lungs

Back 68

Asbestosis Mainly affects lower lobes. Other pneumoconioses
affect upper lobes (e.g., coal worker's lung).

Front 69

Asbestos and smoking

Back 69

Asbestosis and smoking greatly
↑ risk of bronchogenic cancer (smoking not additive with mesothelioma).

Front 70

Asbestosis

histo

Back 70

Ferruginous bodies in lung (asbestos fibers coated with hemosiderin). Ivory-white pleural plaques

Front 71

Bronchial obstruction

-Breath Sounds
-Resonance
-Fremitus
-Tracheal Deviation

Back 71

-Absent/↓ over affected area

-↓

-↓

-Toward side of lesion

Front 72

Pleural effusion

-Breath Sounds
-Resonance
-Fremitus
-Tracheal Deviation

Back 72

-↓ over effusion

-Dullness

-↓

- NC

Front 73

Pneumonia (lobar)

-Breath Sounds
-Resonance
-Fremitus
-Tracheal Deviation

Back 73

-May have bronchial
breath sounds over lesion

-Dullness

-↑

-NC

Front 74

Pneumothorax

-Breath Sounds
-Resonance
-Fremitus
-Tracheal Deviation

Back 74

-↓

-Hyperresonant

-Absent

-Away from side of lesion

Front 75

Breath Sounds, Resonance, Fremitus, Tracheal Deviation

-Absent/↓ over affected area
-↓
-↓
-Toward side of lesion

Back 75

Bronchial obstruction

Front 76

Breath Sounds, Resonance, Fremitus, Tracheal Deviation

-↓ over effusion
-Dullness
-↓
- NC

Back 76

Pleural effusion

Front 77

Breath Sounds, Resonance, Fremitus, Tracheal Deviation

-May have bronchial
breath sounds over lesion
-Dullness
-↑
-NC

Back 77

Pneumonia (lobar)

Front 78

Breath Sounds, Resonance, Fremitus, Tracheal Deviation

-↓
-Hyperresonant
-Absent
-Away from side of lesion

Back 78

Pneumothorax

Front 79

Lung cancer

complications

Back 79

SPHERE of complications:
-Superior vena cava syndrome
-Pancoast’s tumor
-Horner’s syndrome
-Endocrine (paraneoplastic)
-Recurrent laryngeal symptoms
(hoarseness)
-Effusions (pleural or
pericardial)

Front 80

Lung cancer

which types are central

Back 80

-Squamous cell carcinoma

-Small-cell

Front 81

Lung cancer

which types are peripheral

Back 81

Adenocarcinoma:
Bronchial
Bronchoalveolar

Large cell carcinoma

Front 82

Lung cancer

describe Squamous cell
carcinoma (gross)

Back 82

Hilar mass arising from bronchus; Cavitation;

Front 83

Lung cancer

which have strong smoking association

Back 83

-Squamous cell carcinoma

-Small-cell

Front 84

Lung cancer

Undifferentiated → very aggressive

Back 84

Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

Front 85

Lung cancer

ectopic production of ACTH or ADH

Back 85

Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

Front 86

Lung cancer

Lambert-Eaton syndrome.

Back 86

Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

Front 87

Lung cancer histology

Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

Back 87

Neoplasm of neuroendocrine
Kulchitsky cells → small dark
blue cells.

Front 88

Lung cancer histology

Squamous cell carcinoma

Back 88

Keratin pearls and intercellular
bridges.

Front 89

Lung cancer histology

Neoplasm of neuroendocrine
Kulchitsky cells → small dark
blue cells

Back 89

Small-cell (oat-cell) carcinoma

Front 90

Lung cancer histology

Keratin pearls and intercellular bridges

Back 90

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 91

Lung cancer histology

Clara cells → type II pneumocytes multiple densities on x-ray of chest.

Back 91

both types of Adenocarcinoma:
Bronchial
and
Bronchoalveolar

Front 92

Lung cancer histology

Pleomorphic giant cells with
leukocyte fragments in
cytoplasm.

Back 92

Large cell carcinoma

Front 93

Lung cancer histology

Adenocarcinoma

Back 93

Both Types: Clara cells → type II pneumocytes multiple densities on x-ray of chest.

Front 94

Lung cancer histology

Large cell carcinoma

Back 94

Pleomorphic giant cells with
leukocyte fragments in
cytoplasm.

Front 95

Lung cancer characteristics

Adenocarcinoma: Bronchial

Back 95

Develops in site of prior pulmonary inflammation or injury

Front 96

Lung cancer characteristics

most common lung CA in non-smokers

Back 96

Adenocarcinoma: Bronchial

Front 97

Lung cancer characteristics

Develops in site of prior pulmonary inflammation or injury

Back 97

Adenocarcinoma: Bronchial

Front 98

Lung cancer characteristics

Not linked to smoking.

Back 98

Adenocarcinoma: Bronchoalveolar

Front 99

Lung cancer characteristics

parathyroid-like activity → PTHrP

Back 99

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 100

Lung cancer characteristics

Hilar mass arising from bronchus; Cavitation

Back 100

Squamous cell carcinoma

Front 101

Lung cancer characteristics

Highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor; poor prognosis.

Back 101

Large cell carcinoma

Front 102

Lung cancer characteristics

Large cell carcinoma

Back 102

Highly anaplastic undifferentiated tumor; poor prognosis.

Front 103

Lung cancer characteristics

Carcinoid tumor

Back 103

Secretes serotonin, can cause carcinoid
syndrome (flushing, diarrhea, wheezing,
salivation).

Front 104

Lung cancer characteristics

flushing, diarrhea, wheezing,
salivation

Back 104

Carcinoid tumor

Front 105

Lung cancer characteristics

most common. Brain (epilepsy), bone (pathologic fracture), and liver (jaundice,
hepatomegaly).

Back 105

Metastases

Front 106

Lung cancer common presentation features

Back 106

cough, hemoptysis, bronchial
obstruction, wheezing, pneumonic “coin” lesion on x-ray film.

Front 107

cough, hemoptysis, bronchial
obstruction, wheezing, pneumonic “coin” lesion on x-ray film.

Back 107

Lung cancer

Front 108

Pancoast’s tumor

where and findings

Back 108

Carcinoma that occurs in apex of lung and may affect cervical sympathetic plexus, causing
Horner’s syndrome.

Front 109

Carcinoma that occurs in apex of lung and may affect cervical sympathetic plexus, causing
Horner’s syndrome.

Back 109

Pancoast’s tumor

Front 110

Kulchitsky cells

Back 110

Enterochromaffin (EC) cells (Kulchitsky cells) are a type of enteroendocrine cell[1] occurring in the epithelia lining the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract. also implicated in the origin of small cell lung cancer.

Front 111

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

findings

Back 111

progressive weakness that does not usually involve the respiratory muscles and the muscles of face. In patients with affected ocular and respiratory muscles, the involvement is not as severe as myasthenia gravis. The proximal parts of the legs and arms are predominantly affected.

Front 112

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

causes

Back 112

small-cell lung cancer, lymphoma, non-Hodgkin's lymphoma

Front 113

progressive weakness that does not usually involve the respiratory muscles and the muscles of face. In patients with affected ocular and respiratory muscles, the involvement is not as severe as myasthenia gravis. The proximal parts of the legs and arms are predominantly affected.

Back 113

Lambert-Eaton syndrome

Front 114

Small-cell carcinoma
aka

Back 114

oat-cell carcinoma

Front 115

oat-cell carcinoma
aka

Back 115

Small-cell carcinoma

Front 116

Pneumonia types with different organism causes

Back 116

Lobar - Pneumococcus usually

Bronchopneumonia - S. aureus, H. flu, Klebsiella, S. pyogenes

Interstitial (atypical) pneumonia - viruses (RSV, adenoviruses), Mycoplasma,
Legionella, Chlamydia

Front 117

Lobar pneumonia Characteristics

Back 117

Intra-alveolar exudate → consolidation; may involve entire lung

Front 118

Bronchopneumonia Characteristics

Back 118

Acute inflammatory infiltrates
from bronchioles into
adjacent alveoli; patchy
distribution involving ≥ 1
lobes

Front 119

Interstitial (atypical)
pneumonia Characteristics

Back 119

Diffuse patchy inflammation
localized to interstitial areas
at alveolar walls; distribution involving ≥ 1 lobes

Front 120

Which type of pneumona

Intra-alveolar exudate → consolidation; may involve entire lung

Back 120

Lobar

Front 121

Which type of pneumona

Acute inflammatory infiltrates
from bronchioles into
adjacent alveoli; patchy
distribution involving ≥ 1
lobes

Back 121

Bronchopneumonia

Front 122

Which type of pneumona

Diffuse patchy inflammation
localized to interstitial areas at alveolar walls; distribution involving ≥ 1 lobes

Back 122

Interstitial (atypical)
pneumonia

Front 123

Which type of pneumona

Pneumococcus most frequently

Back 123

Lobar

Front 124

Which type of pneumona

S. aureus

Back 124

Bronchopneumonia

Front 125

Which type of pneumona

Viruses (RSV, adenoviruses)

Back 125

Interstitial (atypical)
pneumonia

Front 126

Which type of pneumona

Mycoplasma, Chlamydia

Back 126

Interstitial (atypical)
pneumonia

Front 127

Which type of pneumona

Legionella

Back 127

Interstitial (atypical)
pneumonia

Front 128

Interstitial pneumonia
aka

Back 128

atypical pneumonia

Front 129

atypical pneumonia
aka

Back 129

Interstitial
pneumonia

Front 130

Which type of pneumona

S. aureus

Back 130

Bronchopneumonia

Front 131

Which type of pneumona

H. flu

Back 131

Bronchopneumonia

Front 132

Which type of pneumona

Klebsiella

Back 132

Bronchopneumonia

Front 133

Which type of pneumona

S. pyogenes

Back 133

Bronchopneumonia

Front 134

what are Lung abscess and who gets them

Back 134

Localized collection of pus within parenchyma, usually resulting from bronchial
obstruction (e.g., cancer) or aspiration of gastric contents (especially in patients
predisposed to loss of consciousness, e.g., alcoholics or epileptics).

Front 135

Pleural effusions what and causes of

Transudate

Back 135

↓ protein content.

Due to CHF, nephrotic syndrome, or hepatic cirrhosis.

Front 136

Pleural effusions what and causes of

Exudate

Back 136

↑ protein content, cloudy. Due to malignancy, pneumonia, collagen vascular disease,
trauma.

Front 137

Which type of Pleural effusion

↓ protein content

Back 137

Transudate

Front 138

Which type of Pleural effusion

CHF

Back 138

Transudate

Front 139

Which type of Pleural effusion

nephrotic syndrome

Back 139

Transudate

Front 140

Which type of Pleural effusion

hepatic cirrhosis

Back 140

Transudate

Front 141

Which type of Pleural effusion

↑ protein content, cloudy

Back 141

Exudate

Front 142

Which type of Pleural effusion

malignancy

Back 142

Exudate

Front 143

Which type of Pleural effusion

pneumonia,

Back 143

Exudate

Front 144

Which type of Pleural effusion

collagen vascular disease

Back 144

Exudate

Front 145

Which type of Pleural effusion

↑ protein content

Back 145

Exudate

Front 146

Which type of Pleural effusion

cloudy

Back 146

Exudate

Front 147

Which type of Pleural effusion

trauma

Back 147

Exudate

Front 148

1st generation H1 blockers

names

Back 148

Diphenhydramine, dimenhydrinate, chlorpheniramine.

Front 149

1st generation H1 blockers

Clinical uses

Back 149

Allergy, motion sickness, sleep aid.

Front 150

1st generation H1 blockers

Toxicity

Back 150

Sedation, antimuscarinic, anti-α-adrenergic.

Front 151

1st generation H1 blockers

mech

Back 151

Reversible inhibitors of H1 histamine receptors.

Front 152

2nd generation H1 blockers

mech

Back 152

Reversible inhibitors of H1 histamine receptors.

Front 153

2nd generation H1 blockers

names

Back 153

Loratadine, fexofenadine, desloratadine.

Front 154

2nd generation H1 blockers

names

Back 154

Allergy.

Front 155

2nd generation H1 blockers

names

Back 155

Far less sedating than 1st generation.

Front 156

Asthma drugs

name the Nonspecific β-agonists

Back 156

Isoproterenol

Front 157

Asthma drugs
Isoproterenol

mech and uses

Back 157

Nonspecific β-agonists relaxes bronchial smooth muscle (β2).

Front 158

Asthma drugs
Isoproterenol

toxicity

Back 158

Nonspecific β-agonists Adverse effect is tachycardia (β1).

Front 159

Asthma drugs

name the β2 agonists

Back 159

Albuterol and Salmeterol

Front 160

Asthma drugs
Albuterol

mech and uses

Back 160

β2 agonist relaxes bronchial smooth muscle (β2). Use during acute exacerbation.

Front 161

Asthma drugs
Salmeterol

mech and uses

Back 161

β2 agonist long-acting agent for prophylaxis.

Front 162

Asthma drugs
Salmeterol

toxicity

Back 162

Adverse effects are tremor and arrhythmia.

Front 163

asthma drug

Adverse effects are tremor and arrhythmia.

Back 163

Salmeterol

Front 164

Asthma drugs


name the Methylxanthines

Back 164

Theophylline

Front 165

Asthma drugs
Theophylline

mech and uses

Back 165

Methylxanthine - likely causes bronchodilation by inhibiting phosphodiesterase, thereby ↓
cAMP hydrolysis.

Front 166

Asthma drugs
Theophylline

tioxicity

Back 166

Usage is limited because
of narrow therapeutic index (cardiotoxicity,
neurotoxicity).

Front 167

Asthma drugs

Usage is limited because
of narrow therapeutic index (cardio and neuro toxicity).

Back 167

Methylxanthines: Theophylline

Front 168

Asthma drugs

name the muscarinic antagonists

Back 168

Ipratropium

Front 169

Asthma drugs
Ipratropium

mech and uses

Back 169

competitive block of muscarinic
receptors, preventing bronchoconstriction.

Front 170

Cromolyn

mech and uses

Back 170

Prevents release of mediators from mast cells. Effective
only for the prophylaxis of asthma. Not effective
during an acute asthmatic attack.

Front 171

Asthma drugs

7 different Tx drug classes

Back 171

1. Nonspecific β-agonists
2.β2 agonists
3. Methylxanthines
4. Muscarinic antagonists
5. Cromolyn
6. Corticosteroids
7. Antileukotrienes

Front 172

Cromolyn

toxicity

Back 172

Toxicity is rare.

Front 173

Asthma drugs

name the corticosteroids

Back 173

Beclomethasone, prednisone

Front 174

Asthma drugs
Beclomethasone, prednisone

mech

Back 174

inhibit the synthesis
of virtually all cytokines. Inactivate NF-κB, the
transcription factor that induces the production of
TNF-α, among other inflammatory agents.

Front 175

1st-line therapy for chronic asthma.

Back 175

Beclomethasone, prednisone

Front 176

name the Antileukotrienes

Back 176

Zileuton

Zafirlukast, montelukast

Front 177

Zileuton

mech and uses

Back 177

A 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor. Blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.

asthma

Front 178

A 5-lipoxygenase pathway inhibitor. Blocks conversion of arachidonic acid to leukotrienes.

Back 178

Zileuton

Front 179

Zafirlukast, montelukast

mech and uses

Back 179

Zafirlukast, montelukast––block leukotriene receptors.

Especially good for aspirin induced asthma.

Front 180

block leukotriene receptors.

Back 180

Zafirlukast, montelukast

Front 181

Especially good for aspirin induced asthma.

Back 181

Zafirlukast, montelukast

Front 182

Expectorants

names

Back 182

-Guaifenesin (Robitussin)


-N-acetylcystine

Front 183

Guaifenesin
aka

Back 183

Robitussin

Front 184

Robitussin
aka

Back 184

Guaifenesin

Front 185

Guaifenesin

mech and uses

Back 185

Removes excess sputum but large doses necessary; does not suppress cough reflex.

Expectorants

Front 186

Removes excess sputum but large doses necessary

Back 186

Guaifenesin

Front 187

Mucolytic → can loosen mucus plugs in CF patients.

Back 187

N-acetylcystine

Front 188

N-acetylcystine

mech and uses

Back 188

Mucolytic → can loosen mucus plugs in CF patients.

also used as an antidote for acetaminophen overdose

Front 189

antidote for acetaminophen overdose

Back 189

N-acetylcystine