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22 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Inspiration
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Diaphragm contracts
Intercostal muscles (between ribs) move rib cage up and out. Air pressure in alveoli is lower than atmospheric pressure so air follow gradient into alveoli. Gases flow from alveoli to capillary beds. |
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Pleural sac
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Membrane around lungs, keeps lungs expanded and against chest wall even during expiration.
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Tidal Volume
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Volume of air inspired during normal breath.
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Inspiratory reserve
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Amount of air that can be forcibly inhaled past tidal volume.
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Vital Capacity
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Maximum volume of air that leaves lungs on expiration.
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Residual Volume
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Air not expired during normal breathing.
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Chemoreceptors
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In nervous system, detect slight differences in oxygen and pH levels in cerebral spinal fluid flowing in spinal cord and around brain.
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Pans and medulla
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Brain stem. Chemoreceptors detect decrease in pH due to rising CO2 levels in blood, triggers rapid, deep breathing.
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Carotid Bodies and Aortic Bodies
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Chemoreceptors that detect changes in pH and CO2, triggers increased breathing rate.
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Nitrogen Narcosis
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At depths over 150 ft, nitrogen gas dissolves in tissues and flows into cells. In a rapid rise to surface, nitrogen flows into blood faster than it can be exhaled. Nitrogen bubbles form in blood, causing decompression sickness or, 'the bends'. Can be fatal.
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Hypoxia
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Low oxygen environments (high altitudes). Oxygen fails to follow low pressure gradient to alveoli. Tissues become hypoxic, chronically short of oxygen, causing fast, deep breathing--hyperventilation.
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Tuberculosis
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Bacterial infection caused by mycobacterium.
Spreads through airborne droplets. Destroys patches of lung tissue and can spread to other body parts. Diagnosed by X-rays, blood panels, and sputum samples. |
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Bronchitis
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Inflammation of the bronchi, from irritation of ciliated epithelium lining bronchiole walls, caused by air pollutants, smoking, allergies, cold dry air.
Mucus pools in bronchi and flows into lungs, becomes infected. Chronic bronchitis scars and constricts airways. |
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Bronchiolitis
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Dangerous form of bronchitis: bacterial enzymes dissolve alveoli. Supple alveoli tissue replaced by non-elastic fibrous tissue.
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Cyanosis
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Occurs because of low oxygen levels. Lips and fingernail beds appear bluish.
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Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)
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Tolerance develops to low oxygen (hypoxic) conditions in tissues. May be caused by diseases that destroy alveoli.
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Emphysema
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Breathing is triggered by low oxygen levels (hypoxic drive), rather than high CO2 or pH.
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Asthma
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Ige antibodies react with allergens, releasing cytokines and histamines. Capillaries leak, mucus membranes swell, closing off bronchi lumen. Leading cause of chronic illness in children.
Does not cause hypoxic drive. Often, inspiration is fine, but air must be forced out on expiration, causing wheezing sound. |
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Influenza
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RNA with poor repair mechanisms, so viruses mutate frequently.
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Streptococcus pneumonia
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Secondary bacterial infection after influenza. Can cause positive feedback loop: excess mucus is produced, some is infected, causes inflammation, more mucus produced because of immune response, etc.
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Lung Cancer
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Adenocarcinoma (large cell), fairly benign, most common form. Small-cell carcinoma is most aggressive, hard to treat.
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Histoplasmosis
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Microscopic fungus from bird or bat droppings are inhaled and infect lungs. Histo fungus can spread to retina of eye, leading to blurry vision or even blindness.
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