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63 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
How far does the Conducting portion of the respiratory system extend?
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To the end Terminal Bronchioles
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Where does the Respiratory portion of the respiratory system begin?
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At the Respiratory Bronchioles
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What type of cartilage is found in the epiglottis?
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Elastic cartilage
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What type of epithelium covers the anterior surface of the epiglottis? Why?
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Nonkeratinized stratified squamous - to protect against abrasian during swallowing of food.
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What type of epithelium covers the posterior surface of the epiglottis? Why?
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Respiratory epithelium made of Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar cells + Goblet cells.
Because normally this surface only contacts air. |
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What type of glands are located between the respiratory epithelium and cartilage of the larynx?
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Mixed glands
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What type of epithelium lines the lumen of the trachea?
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Respiratory epithelium
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What feature is particularly prominent deep to the tracheal respiratory epithelium?
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A thick pink basement membrane
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What type of cartilage makes up the tracheal rings?
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Hyaline
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How do you tell apart Hyaline from Elastic cartilage?
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Hyaline is bluer
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What happens at the posterior side of the C-rings of cartilage?
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They are incomplete so a band of smooth muscle connects the edges.
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What is the name of the smooth muscle that completes the ring of the trachea?
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Trachealis
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When does the trachealis muscle contract and constrict the tracheal lumen and increase the force of airflow?
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During coughing
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What type of tissue is prominent in the submucosa between the tracheal epithelium and cartilage?
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Mucous and seromucous glands
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What pathology is chronic bronchitis associated with?
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Hypertrophy of the mucous glands in the submucosa of the large conducting airways.
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What is COPD?
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An obstruction of airflow due to chronic bronchitis or emphesyma.
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How can you control excessive secretions in a patient who is coughing up sputum from COPD?
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1. Urge coughing
2. Remove secretions w/ suction 3. Give a b2-adrenergic agonist to bronchodilate and increase the rate of mucociliary movement |
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What does the trachea bifurcate into? What do they supply?
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Right and left primary bronchi - they supply each lung.
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What do the Primary bronchi branch into? What do they supply?
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Secondary bronchi - they supply the lung lobes.
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What do secondary bronchi branch into? - What do they supply?
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Tertiary bronchi - supply bronchopulmonary segments.
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What do the Tertiary bronchi branch into?
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Large and small INTERSEGMENTAL BRONCHI
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What do the Intersegmental bronchi branch repeatedly into?
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Bronchioles and Terminal bronchioles
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What are the 4 components of the Respiratory portion of the airway?
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-Respiratory bronchioles
-Alveolar ducts -Alveolar sacs -Alveoli |
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What is the most distal component of the respiratory portion?
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Alveoli
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What is a cluster of alveoli that open into a common air space called?
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Alveolar sac
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What is the alveolar sac analogous to?
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The landing in the farmhouse - a round foyer with several open doorways
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What cell types are present in the walls of an alveolar sac?
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-Type I pneumocytes
-Type II pneumocytes -Alveolar macrophages |
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What type of connective tissue supports the walls of an alveolar sac?
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Elastic tissue
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What is the function of the elastic tissue in the alveolar sac walls?
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It contributes to passive recoil during exhalation.
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What is an elongated air passage in which the walls are composed of adjacent alveoli?
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An alveolar duct
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What is an alveolar duct analogous to?
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A long hallway with open doors
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What are the walls of alveolar ducts made of?
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-Type I/II pneumocytes
-Reticular fibers |
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What is located at the opening of each alveolus lining an alveolar duct?
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Smooth muscle
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What is the function of the smooth muscle cells at the openings of alveolar duct alveoli?
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To serve as a sphincter which regulates alveolar air movements.
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What type of epithelium lines Alveolar ducts, Sacs, and Alveoli themselves?
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Highly attenuated Simple Squamous Epithelium
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What type of epithelium lines Respiratory bronchioles?
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Cuboidal epithelium
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What is in the walls of Respiratory bronchioles?
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Alveoli
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What is in the epithelium of all bronchioles?
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Clara cells
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How can Clara cells be distinguished?
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They lack cilia and have domeshaped apexes with microvilli
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What are some purported functions of clara cells?
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-Secretion of CC16 which may protect the lung epithelium
-Degrading inhaled toxins via cytochrome P450's -Serve as stem cells |
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What is the smallest structure that is a conducting airway?
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A terminal bronchiole
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What is a terminal bronchiole made up of?
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1 or 2 smooth muscle layers that support a Cuboidal Epithelium
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How are Terminal Bronchioles similar to Respiratory bronchioles? How are they different?
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-Both have Clara cells
-Terminal bronchioles do NOT have alveoli |
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What type of epithelium do Bronchioles (primary or 2dary) have?
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Respiratory epithelium
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What supports the bronchioles?
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Smooth muscle
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What does SNS stimulation do to the smooth muscle in bronchioles, and what is the result?
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SNS stimulates vasodilation so bronchodilation.
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What cell lines most of the alveolar surface? What do they look like?
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Type I Pneumocytes - very flat
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What cells bulge from the alveolar surface into the lumen?
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Type II Pneumocytes
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What important structure lies within the walls of alveoli?
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CAPILLARIES!
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What are the large cells with logs of basophilic cytoplasm and euchromatic nuclei in alveoli?
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Macrophages
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What substance coats the surface of alveoli?
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Surfactant
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What cells are the source of surfactant?
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Type II Pneumocytes
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What are the morphological components of the blood-gas barrier?
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-Type I Pneumos
-Fused Basement Membrane -Capillary endothelial cells -RBC plasma membrane |
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What structure is destroyed in Emphesyma?
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The alveolar septa
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What is the result of alveolar septal destruction?
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Permanently distended air spaces
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What histological structure is common to respiratory bronchioles and distal structures?
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Alveoli
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What are the results of loss of alveolar SA and elastic recoil in emphesyma and COPD?
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-Inability to exhale so prolonged expiration
-Decreased gas exchange |
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A specimen of lung tissue from a patient with emphesyma would show enlarged respiratory spaces distal to terminal bronchioles and destruction of alveolar walls as a result of:
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Lung overinflation
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What is the level of dyspnea in COPD due to
-bronchitis -Emphesyma |
Bronchitis = mild dyspnea
Emphesyma = severe dyspnea |
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What are infections more common in - bronchitis or emphesyma?
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Bronchitis
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What is the sputum like in COPD due to bronchitis? Emphesyma?
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Bronchitis = copious/purulent
Emphesyma = scanty/mucoid |
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Is there a decrease in elastic recoil in COPD due to bronchitis?
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No
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How does the heart size differ in COPD due to bronchitis vs emphesyma?
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Bronchitis = large heart
Emphesyma = Small heart |