2 Nut: Toxicity, Deficiency

Front 1

nutrients subject to def and tox

Back 1

nutrients subject to def and tox:
1. E
2. protein
3. minerals
4. vitamins
5. water

Front 2

causes of def

Back 2

causes of def:
1. reduced feed intake
2. low nutrient bioavailability in ingredients
- eg P in di-Ca P vs P in grains and bound phytate complex
3. diet formulation or prep error
4. variations in nutrient req of animal
5. excesses:
- element interactions: Ca-P, Ca-Zn, Ca-Fe-Zn

Front 3

energy def

Back 3

energy def:
- cause: inappropriate allotment of feed, poor pasture (drought)
- results:
1, low production
2. retarded growth
3. delayed puberty
4. low repro performance

Front 4

Lactic acidosis

Back 4

Lactic acidosis (grain overload):
- excessive intake of high E feed and reduced effective fiber intake
- lactic acid formation causes depressed rumen pH, impaired fx
- acute dz: dehydration, acidosis, toxemia, incoordination, coma, death

Front 5

predisposing factors of lactic acidosis

Back 5

predisposing factors of lactic acidosis:
- sudden change to high E ration
- voluntary feed aversion: palatability, animal behavior (apetite)

Front 6

pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis

Back 6

pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis/ twin lamb disease:
- small R in last 6 weeks of pregnancy, especially with multiple fetuses
- negative E balance, followed by breakdown of ffa's to ketone bodies: acetoacetate, acetone, hydroxybutyrate
- coma, death

Front 7

predisposing factors of pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis

Back 7

predisposing factors of pregnancy toxemia/ ketosis:
- reduction in feed intake: poor quality forage
- increased E demand by fetal growth, lactation
- sudden change in feed

Front 8

beta oxidation

Back 8

beta oxidation:
fa's --(-2C)--> acetyl CoA:
1. ketone bodies: acetoacetic acids, beta-hydroxyl butaric acid, acetone
-or-
2. TCA --> ATP

Front 9

lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz

Back 9

lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz:
- heavy producing dairy cows
- high glucose demand to support lactose production
- like pregnancy toxemia, but ketone bodies synthesized back into fatty acids and stored in liver cells
- leads to liver dz

Front 10

prevention of lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz

Back 10

prevention of lactational ketosis/ fatty liver dz:
- appropriate dietary management
- ensure early lactation diet has recommended protein and E
- avoid excessive grain

Front 11

periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever)

Back 11

periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever):
- dairy cattle following calving
- rapid loss of Ca to milk
( normal serum Ca 8-12mg/dl)
- tx: 50-75 ml Ca borogluconate IV

Front 12

prevention of periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever)

Back 12

prevention of periparturient hypocalcemia (milk fever):
- appropriate dietary Ca and P at late pregnancy and lactation
- wheat or oat straw: low in Ca (0.1-0.2%), supplement with Ca

Front 13

hypomagnesemia (grass tetany)

Back 13

hypomagnesemia (grass tetany):
<1.2mg/dl, early lactation
- acute muscular spasma, ataxia, convulsions, death
- common: beef cattle on lush pasture
- sporadic: dairy cattle, small R
- grasses: less Mg than legumes, reduced more when growing rapidly

Front 14

tx, prevention hypomagnesemia (grass tetany)

Back 14

hypomagnesemia (grass tetany):
-tx: IV Mg and Ca
- prevention:
1. supplement Mg from early pregnancy to early lactation
2. dietary Mg: =<0.4% dry matter

Front 15

water deficiency

Back 15

water deficiency:
1. dec feed intake and production
2. dehydration
3. rapid weight loss
4. delayed digestion, assimilation and excretion of waste products through urine
prolonged:
- thickened blood, inc T, death

Front 16

urolithiasis

Back 16

urolithiaisis:
- met dz of male (N and I) R
- formation of concretions within urinary tract, obstructing outflow

Front 17

urolithiasis cause

Back 17

urolithiasis cause:
1. high concentrate diet with mineral imbalance, resulting high P diet
2. high P levels in blood and urine
3. Mg and ammonium phosphate precipitate to form calculi: sand-like particles (5-10cm)

Front 18

urolithiasis prevention

Back 18

urolithiasis prevention:
1. dietary Ca:P of 2:1
2. salt included in diet at 1-2 of total DM intake to stimulate diuresis
3. adequate water
4. avoid high P diets

Front 19

protein deficiency

Back 19

protein deficiency:
- most limiting factor in R on poor, non-legumous pasture
1. retarded growth, emaciation
2. low milk production
3. attraction to blood: tail biting in pigs, cannibalism in poultry
4. delayed estrus, impaired repro
5. difficult parturition and retained placenta
6. reduced immunity
7. kwashiorkor-like symptoms in baby piglets
6. unthriftness

Front 20

minerals

Back 20

minerals:
- 22 inorganic minerals
1. macro: Ca, P, Na, Cl, K, Mg, S
2. micro or trace: B, Co, Cr, Cu, F, I, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se, Si, Zn, Al, Pb, Li
- NRC tables