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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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protein
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- major component of body dry matter (carcass basis)
- most expensive component of diet - function in every physiological process |
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body protein content and distribution
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1. wet: 65% water, 20% protein, 10% fat, 5% ash
3. dry: 0% water, 57% protein, 29% fat, 14% ash |
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distribution of body protein
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1. 37% body fluids
2. 33% muscle 3. 20% bone and cartilage 4. 10% skin |
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how to meet aa needs
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1. use a mixture of natural feed ingredients that compliment: plant or animal sources
2. if still below requirement, supplement with synthetic aa's $$ 3. CP approx 50:50 essential: non |
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top three limiting aa's
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top three limiting aa needs:
1. met 2. lys: first limiting aa in most pig diets 3. thr |
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limiting aa's to produce milk
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limiting aa's to produce milk :
1. cysteine 2. threonine 3. methionine |
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methionine and lysine
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methionine and lysine:
1. first and second limiting aa's in poultry diets 2. two most limitings aa's in protein feeds for horses |
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aa's
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aa's:
amino: NH2 carboxyl group: COOH - 200 in nature, need 20 to meet cellular fx |
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protein elemental composition
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protein elemental composition:
1. C: 51-55% 2. O: 21.5-23.5% 3. N: 15.5-18% 4. H: 6.5-7.3% 5. S: 0.5-2% 6. P: 0-1.5% |
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essential aa's
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essential aa's: sufficient amounts not syn in body
1. S: met 2. basic: arg, his, lys 3. heterocyclic: trp 4. aliphatic: thr 5. branched: ile, leu, val 6. aromatic: phe - cats: taurine |
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peptide bond
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peptide bond:
- carboxyl of aa1 condenses (loses H20)with amino of aa2 - many link to form linear chains - transcription: DNA to mRNA - translation: mRNA--> protein |
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biological fx
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biological fx:
1. enzymes: kinases 2. storage: ferritin 3. regulation: transcription factors 4. structure: collagen 5. immune: Ig 6. transport: Hb 7. contraction: actin |
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protein digestion NR
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protein digestion NR:
1. mouth: intact 2. stomach: pepsin and HCl = peptides/ peptones 3. SI pancreatic juice: trypsin, chymotrypsin, elastase, carboxypeptidases = di-, tri- , -, peptides 4. SI mucosa: aminopeptidases, dipeptidases = free aa's |
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peptide abs
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peptide abs:
- SI enterocytes transport for free (basic, acidic, neutral) aa's, di and tripeptides - peptide transport passive - some aa transport active - favorable to absorb di and tripeptides instead of free aa's (also requires less digestion) |
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digestion in R
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digestion in R:
1. rumen undegradable protein (RUP): escapes breakdown in rumen and goes to abomasum 2. microbial fermentation of protein and NPN: N converted to bacterial protein which goes to abomasum - abomasum: mixture of microbial protein and RUP |
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R and NH3
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R and NH3:
- toxic so converted to urea: 1. recycled back to rumen via saliva 2. excreted via kidneys |
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rumen undegradable protein
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rumen undegradable protein:
- related to solubility: 1. very soluble: rapidly degraded by bugs 2. insoluble: remain intact in rumen, digested in abomasum and SI 3. very insoluble: poorly digested, even in stomach and SI |
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ideal solubility of proteins
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ideal solubility of proteins:
- intermediate: some fermented and some bypasses rumen - heat-treat very soluble to make intermediate, may go to insoluble - tx: mild heating, dehydration pelleting, formaldehyde - also when hay bailed too wet: fermentation and heat |
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non-protein nitrogen and R
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non-protein nitrogen (NPN) and R:
- cheap source of crude protein - readily available E source for microbes to syn C-skeletons 1. urea 2. biuret 3. NH4 salts: lactate, phosphate |
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feeding NPN
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feeding NPN:
1. add to silage or high moisture corn 2. add to mixed feed: mix well as toxic and bitter 3. liquid protein supplement (LPS): tank with lick wheel sol'n of urea, molasses and minerals 4. add to vitamin-mineral premix |
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NPN keys
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NPN keys:
1. too much NH3 toxic: keep intake low, mix well and use E source to incorporate it 2. solubility important 3. variety of sources |
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post-fermentation digestion
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post-fermentation digestion:
- once proteins enter the abomasums, digestion and absorption are similar to NR processes - similar enzymes and transport mechanisms |
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fates of aa after abs
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fates of aa after abs:
1. tissue protein syn: - principal activity of cell, replacement of damaged proteins 2. enzyme, hormone, metabolite syn: 3. deamination, transamination and use of C skeleton for E |
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liver metabolism
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liver metabolism:
1. synthesizes many proteins 2. supplies aa's to circulation 3. processes excess for excretion |
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between meals
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between meals:
1. release of aa from endogenous stores balanced by tissue utilization 2. storage site: mainly muscle 3. disposal of excess N: liver |
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after protein-rich meal
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after protein-rich meal:
1. aa taken up from gut 2. bulk of aa passes through liver in free form 3. peripheral mm extract aa 4. excess aa not used for protein syn degraded: increase liver catabolic enzymes |
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hepatic aa metabolism
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hepatic aa metabolism:
deamination 1. aa --> C-skeletons + NH3 2. process for aa degradation and removal 3. needed for non-essential syn 4. energy during starvation 5. C-skeletons ketogenic or glucogenic depending on substrates enter pathways |
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biosynthesis of non-essential aa
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biosynthesis of non-essential aa:
- make up 40-50% tissue protein - not all must be syn due to diet - short supply: cells make up deficit with adequate supply of amino N, C-skeletons, and E |
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transaminations
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transaminations:
- freely reversible, requires B6 - interconverts: pair of aa's and keto acids - transaminase: specific for one pair of substrates, non-specific for other - most aa undergo |
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urea cycle
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urea cycle :
- hepatocytes - ammonia converted to urea: export to blood and excretion by kidneys - also arg synthesis - urea not made by bird liver |
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N excretion birds and reptiles
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N excretion birds and reptiles:
- no urea cycle - convert N to uric acid: purine ring - uric acid: very soluble, non-toxic (desirable for in ovo embryo) - commercial birds: higher dietary arg requirements |
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barrel stave analogy
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barrel stave analogy:
- high growth: lys 70%, ile 50%, trp 25% - all deficient, trp most limiting - must supplement trp first (before ile or lys) or animals will be compromised |
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components of aa req
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components of aa req:
1. use/ fate of protein 2. composite of maintenence req and productive fx - maint req: reflect aa pattern of body - production req: reflects aa pattern of product (milk, eggs) 3. growth trial: can determine req by growth rate, egg or milk production |
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animal protein sources
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animal protein sources:
- commonly used in pet food rather than farm due to cost and prion risk 1. fishmeal: excellent aa and minerals, some vit 2. meatscraps: good aa, minerals (bone) 3. meat and bone meal 4. poultry byproduct meal 5. milk product: good aa |
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plant protein sources
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plant protein sources:
- no Vit B12 and few minerals 1. peanut meal: poor aa, aflatoxin risk 2. sunflower meal: byproduct of oil 3. canola meal: more popular 4. cottonseed meal: gossypol toxic to NR, sterulic acid toxic |
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soybean meal
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soybean meal:
- 44% CP hulls, 55% CP without hulls - trypsin inhibitor: inhibits protein dig, destroyed by mild heating (roasting) - low in S aa, good Lys |
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other dietary protein
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other dietary protein:
1. alfalfa protein extract 2. single cell protein: not cost effective 3. recycled poultry waste: esp R 4. high Lys corn 5. low TI soybeans 6. high protein grains |
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results of improper protein content
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results of improper protein content:
1. low: reduced growth and production, increased fat, poor feed efficiency 2. severe deficiency: reduced growth, aa imbalance 3. excess: high feed costs, normal growth, enlarged kidneys, excess drinking. higher vit needs |
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results of poor aa formulation:
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results of poor aa formulation:
1. excess of individual aa: poor growth 2. adequate aa but low E: reduced growth as aa degraded and used for E |
