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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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animal protein concentrates
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animal protein concentrates:
- sources: inedible tisues, surplus milk, marine byproducts - meals: 1. meat 2. blood 3. feather 4. fish |
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meat and bone meal
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meat and bone meal:
- heating, drying, and grinding whole or parts of animal - fat partially extracted or physically removed - free from: 1. hooves 2. horns 3. bristles, hair, feathers 4. digestive tract contents |
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meat and bone meal nutrients
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meat and bone meal nutrients:
- 66-70% CP - rich in: 1. Ash 2. Ca 3. P 4. Mn 5, B complex |
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fish meal
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fish meal:
- CP: 50-75%, rich in Eaa's, especially Lys, Cys, Met, and Trp - digestibility: 93-95% - mineral: high, 10-22% - E: 14 MJ/kg DM - inclusion in diet: 50kg/ton |
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blood meal
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blood meal:
- steamed to 100C to sterilize - CP 80% - low digestibility, fairly unpalatable - inclusion in diet: 10-20kg/ton feed |
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non-protein nitrogen (NPN)
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non-protein nitrogen (NPN):
- N in form other than proteins, peptides - urea most popular |
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organic NPN
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organic NPN:
1. ammonia 2. amides 3. amines 4. amino acids 5. some peptides |
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inorganic NPN
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inorganic NPN:
- ammonium chloride - ammonium sulfate |
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urea
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urea:
- N content 46.6%= 291% protein DM - rapidly hydrolyzed to ammonia: incorporated into aa and microbial protein |
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urea use
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urea use:
- toxic or lethal when consumed too rapidly or without readilly available carbs - adaptation time required - should'nt exceed 1/3 total N - never give to young R or NR - |
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single cell protein (SCP)
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single cell protein (SCP):
- sources: algae, yeast, bacti - protein feed: >18% total weight is CP - algae: 50% protein, 6-6% fiber, 4-6% fat, 6% ash |
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energy rich concentrates
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energy rich concentrates:
- readily available carbs, fats - available E/ unit DM > roughages - generally low- moderate protein 1. cereal grains+ milling byproducts 2. liquid feeds: molasses 3. fats and oils |
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corn
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corn:
- highly digestible and palatable - E: 3,400 kcal or 14.2 MJ ME/ kg DM - protein: 9-14% - low Lys, Trp, CF - oil: 4-6% - inclusion in swine ration: 10-20% |
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sorghum
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sorghum:
- main food grain: Africa, India, China - more drought resistant than grain - E: 3,250 kcal or 13.6 MJ ME/ kg - CP: 11-12% - low Lys and Thr - anti-digestible factors: tannins, prussic acid |
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Barley
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Barley:
- popular, esp pigs - E: 13.3 MJ/kg DM - CP: 6-16% - deficient in Lysine |
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Millet
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Millet:
- small grain cereal, tropical - types: Bullrush (pearl), broom corn, foxtail, finger (kodo), Japanese - CP: 10-12% - CF: 2-9% |
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wheat (tricum)
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wheat (tricum):
- feed: 20% worldwide production - better aa dist than most cereal - acute indigestion in unadapted animals |
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cereal and industrial byproducts
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cereal and industrial byproducts:
- sources: corn, barley, rice, sorghum 1. Brewer's grain waste (BGW) 2. rice polishing 3. maize bran 4. wheat pollard |
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Brower's grain waste
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Brower's grain waste:
- fresh: cattle, sheep (also as silage) - dried to 10% moisture - high P, low in other minerals - suitable for dairy and pregnant sows - DM: 25-30% - CP 18 % - CF 15% - good source of vit B complex |
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rice polishing (bran)
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rice polishing (bran):
- pericap, aleurone lauer, germ and some of the endosperm - CP 12-14% - oil: 11-18%/kg DM, unsaturated, quickly becomes rancid |
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maize bran
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maize bran:
- CF: 8-12%/ kg DM - ME: 12.5 MJ/ kg DM - CP 10-12% - pig ration: 10-20% |
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wheat pollard
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wheat pollard:
- low: E, lys, met, CF - CP: 16-21%/ kg DM - good source: thiamine, vit E - used in all livestock - pig ration: 20% |
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Sugarcane molasses
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sugarcane molasses:
- soluble carbs 65% - CP 2-4% - used as: E source, appetizer, dustiness reducer, and binder during pelleting - toxicity: incoordination, avoid with good quality forage - ration: 8-10% total DM |
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root crops
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root crops:
1. high water, K 2. low CF 5-9% dry basis 3. CP 4-12% 4. low Ca, P 5. high carbs: 50-75% DM sucrose which is highly digestible in R and NR |
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cassava
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cassava:
- tropical, root, can yield 75-80 tons/year 1. water 65% 2. CP 1-2% 3. CF 1.5% 4. fat 0.3% 5. ME 14-15 MJ/ kg DM |
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cassava caution
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cassava caution:
cynogenetic glc: - linamarin, lotaustraline - easily breaks down into hydrocyanic (prussic) acid - removal: boiling, grating, squeezing, grinding in powder then pressing |
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succulents
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succulents:
- large % H20, low nutrients 1. fresh cassava tubers 2. fresh potato tubers 3. elephant grass |
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voluntary feed intake
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voluntary feed intake:
- amount eaten when feed given without restriction - performance of animal dependent on feed intake in terms of quality and quantity |
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factors effecting feed intake
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factors effecting feed intake:
1. animal associated 2. feed associated 3. environmental |
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physiological status of animal
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physiological status of animal:
effect on VFI 1. lactating> dry 2. growing> mature |
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body weight
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body weight:
- req expressed as BW ^0.75 - feed intake det by lean: fat of body |
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fatness of animal
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fatness of animal:
- reduces VFI - smaller lean/fat ratio - excess fat in abdominal cavity may reduce volume of stomach or rumen, reducing bulk of feed intake eg roughage - leaner animals: higher intake/ unit body weight |
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sex
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sex:
- males higher VFI, capable of faster growth - pregnancy: 1. increased demand of nutrients increases VFI 2. end of pregnancy: effective volume of the abdomen reduces intake of bulky feed |
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genetic potential of animal
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genetic potential of animal:
- higher production potential, higher VFI - Friesian vs Jersey vs Zebu |
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diseases
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diseases:
- low VFI due to loss of apetite manifests in metabolic, infectious, or parasitic dz - healther higher VFI |
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feed palatability
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feed palatabilty:
acceptance and level of willingness to eat feed - determined by: 1. senses 2. contamination |
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deficiency of nutrients
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deficiency of nutrients:
- imbalance dec VFI - dec activity of rumen bugs and therefore VFI - most common: protein or N which can be corrected with supplementation of RUP or urea - A, D, E reduces R VFI - NR: higher conc E= lower VFI |
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nutrient deficiencies which restrict VFI in R
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nutrient deficiencies which restrict VFI in R:
1. N, protein 2. Sulfur 3. P 4. Na 5. Co |
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Physical form of feed
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physical form of feed:
1. fine chopping: inc VFI 2. grinding low quality roughage: inc VFI due to inc rate of fermentation and passage 3. dusty feeds: dec VFI |
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digestibility of feed
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digestibility of feed:
- R: VFI positively related to digestibility - low: lower VFI due to low rate of passage, eg low quality roughage |
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chemical composition of feed
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chemical composition of feed:
- neutral detergent fiber: measure of cell wall content, determines rate of digestion - toxic substances: alkaloids and tannins, dec VFI |
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concentrate vs roughage
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concentrate supplementation may dec roughage intake:
- inhibition of cellulose dig by rumen bugs due to lowered rumen pH |
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sward density
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sward density:
- higher VFI of DM in pasture with short dense swards of digestible herbage |
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temperature
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temperature:
- VFI dec at high T: at 40C temperate breeds of cattle cease to eat |
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rainfall and relative humidity
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- heavy rainfall: grazing animals, esp cattle and goats, dec VFI
- relative humidity: increases heat stress in animals, lowers VFI |
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stresses and vices
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stresses and vices:
1. poor health 2. GI parasites: ascarids 3. GI metabolism: ketosis, bloat 4. overcrowding 5. noise 6. disturbances 7. excessive handling |
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feed on DM basis
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feed on DM basis:
1. cattle: 2.5% weight 2. dairy goat: 3.5% weight |
