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154 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Symbiosis
"Living together" and describes an association between two or more species.
Mutualism
The "best of all worlds" and is like a blissful marriage in which both members of the association enjoy benefits.
Commensalism
A relationship between two or more species in which one benefits and the other is indifferent, that is, neither benefited nor harmed.
Parasitism
A relationship in which the parasite lives at the expense of its host.
Peritonitis
A potentially fatal condition caused by leakage of intestinal fluids into the abdomen.
Miasmas
A term used before microbes were identified as agents of disease, meaning "bad air" or "swamp air."
Koch's postulates
A set of rules used to establish that a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease. 1.Association 2.Isolation 3.Causation 4.Reisolation
Infection
The presence of microbes in the body without definitive symptoms.
Disease
A possible outcome of infection in which health is impaired in some fashion.
Subclinical
Asymptomatic and not diagnosed.
Dose
The number of microorganisms to which the potential host has been exposed.
Virulence
Microbial mechanisms or weapons.
Resistance
The host immune system.
D=nV/R
An equation representing the struggle between disease-producing microbes and host resistance. D is the severity of the infection; n is the number of organisms; V is for virulence factors; R is for resistance factors.
Infective Dose (ID)
A minimal dose necessary to establish infection.
LD50
50% lethal dose; a laboratory measurement of virulence to determine the dose that kills 50% of the test animals in a given time.
Defensive Strategies
Adaptations that allow microbes to escape destruction by the host immune system.
Offensive Strategies
Adaptations by microbes that result in their ability to damage the host and establish disease.
M protein
A protein found in the cell walls of streptococci that confers resistance to phagocytosis.
Enzymes
Substances that act as catalysts on specific substrates and influence the rate of a chemical reaction; some bacterial enzymes are virulence factors.
Hyaluronidase
An enzyme produced by some bacteria that breaks down hyaluronic acid found in connective tissue.
Collagenase
An enzyme that breaks down collagen.
Collagen
A protein found in connective tissue.
Debridement
Removal of dead tissue in an attempt to halt an infection.
Hemolysins
Secretions produced by some microbes that destroy red blood cells through the destructionsof cells membranes.
Kinases
Break down clots, allowing entrapped bacteria to spread.
Streptokinase
A product of streptococci that dissolves blood clots.
Coagulase
Forms a network of threads around bacteria, affording protection against phagocytosis and leukocidins.
Leukocidins
Destroy white blood cells
Toxin
Substances that are poisonous to the body.
Exotoxins
Protein molecules that are released by microbes during their growth and active stage.
Endotoxins
A toxin produced by some gram-negative bacteria; usually released upon death and disintegration of the microbe.
Cytotoxins
Kill or damage host cells.
Neurotoxins
Interfere with transmission of nerve impulses.
Enterotoxins
Affect the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract , leading to diarrhea.
AB model
An explanation of the mode of toxin activity involving A and B toxin fragments.
Toxigenicity
The ability to produce toxins.
Prophage
A segment of phage integrated into a bacterial chromosome.
Lysogenized
Refers to bacterial cells that contain phage nucleic acid.
Phage Conversion
A process by which bacteriophage DNA is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome and confers new properties on the bacterial host.
Lipopolysaccharides
A molecule with both a lipid and a polysaccharide component found int he outer wall of gram-negative bacteria.
Incubation Stage
The time between the pathogens access to the body through a portal of entry and the display of signs and symptoms.
Prodromal Stage
An early stage in microbial disease characterized by headache, tiredness, and and muscle aches.
Illness Stage
The time in which disease develops to the most severe stage, as evidenced by typical signs and symptoms.
Stage of Decline
The time following an illness in which symptoms begin to disappear and the body returns to normal.
Convalescence Stage
The time in which recovery from an illness takes place, strength is regained, repair of damaged tissue occurs, and rashes disappear.
Epidemiology
An investigative methodology designed to determine the source and the cause of diseases and disorders that produce illness, disability, and death in human populations.
Sporadic
Occurring occasionally and at irregular intervals in a random and unpredictable fashion.
Endemic
A disease that is continually present at a steady level in population and poses little public threat.
Epidemic
A disease that has a sudden increase in morbidity and mortality in a particular population.
Pandemic
A worldwide outbreak of disease.
Morbidity
A measure of the rate of illness of a particular disease.
Mortality
A measure of the rate of death resulting from a particular disease.
Common-source Epidemics
Outbreaks of disease arising from contact with a single contaminated source, typically associated with fecally contaminated food or water.
Propagated Epidemics
Epidemics resulting from direct person-to-person transmission.
Herd Immunity
The term refers to the proportion of immunized individuals in a population.
Reservoir
A site in nature in which microbes survive (and possibly multiply) and from which they may be transmitted.
Active Carriers
Individuals who have a microbial disease.
Healthy Carriers
Have no symptoms and unwittingly pass the disease on to others.
Typhoid Mary
A cook and healthy lifetime carrier of typhoid fever, was responsible for about ten outbreaks, fifty-three cases, and three deaths due to typhoid fever during her lifetime.
Chronic Carries
Those who harbor a pathogen for long periods after recovery.
Zoonoses
Diseases from which domestic and/or wild animals are the reservoirs and which can be transmitted to humans.
Transmission
The bridge between reservoir and portal of entry.
Direct Transmission
Is person-to-person contact, in which the infectious agent is directly and immediately transferred from a portal of exit to a portal of entry.
Horizontal Transmission
A disease spreads from one person to another.
Vertical Transmission
In which the pathogens are passed from mother to offspring across the placenta, in breast milk, or in the birth canal.
Indirect Transmission
The passage of infectious material from a reservoir or source to an intermediate agent and then to a host.
Fomites
Inanimate objects that serve as means of transmission of infectious material.
Aerosols
The second type of indirect transmission.
Arthropoda
A biological phylum characterized by jointed appendages and divided into three classes; fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and lobsters are examples.
Transovarial Transmission
The passage of microbes from adult ticks to their eggs.
Insects
Extremely large group of arthropods with well over one million species.
Mechanical Vectors
Arthropod vectors that transmit microbes passively on their body parts; the microbes do not invade, multiply, or develop in the vector.
Biological Vectors
Organisms, including mosquitoes, ticks, lice, and flies, that transmit microbial disease.
Portal of Exit
The site which the microbes leave a host and may infect another host.
Nosocomial Infections
Infections required by patients during their hospital stay or during their confinement in other long-term health care facilities; infections acquired by hospital personnel are also considered nosocomial.
Food Intoxication
The result of ingestion of bacterial toxins.
Food Infection
The result of of ingestion of bacteria in contaminated foods and their subsequent growth in the intestinal tract accompanied by their secretion of toxin.
Enterotoxin
A toxin that affects the intestinal tract.
Botulism
A form of food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum, a neurotoxin causes flaccid paralysis.
Botox
Minute doses of botulinum toxin used to reduce wrinkles and to treat common disorders associated with muscle over activity.
Gas Gangrene
A condition brought about through contamination of a wound with particles of soil containing Clostridium perfringens or its spores.
"Staph Food Poisoning"
An illness caused by the secretion of an enterotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus; Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Salmonellosis
A condition caused by ingestion of salmonella bacteria resulting in gastroenteritis manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
Typhoid Fever
A disease caused by Salmonella typhi that is transmitted by flies and fomites.
Cholera
Vibrio Cholerae, a gram-negative curved rod.
Oral Rehydration Therapy
A method of cholera treatment designed to replace lost body fluids; an alternative to intravenous redydration.
Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
A condition; in children under 5 years of age there is a greater risk of death from kidney damage resulting from toxin-produced hemorrhages in the kidney.
Enterotoxigenic E.coli Strains
Strains of E.coli that are a common cause of traveler's diarrhea.
Traveler's Diarrhea
An illness caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli stains.
Campylobacter
A bacteria that is an important cause of intestinal disease in humans and is associated with abortion and enteritis in sheep and cattle.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
Infections occurring in the tonsils or pharynx.
Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
Infections that occur in the trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, or lungs.
Diphtheria
An upper respiratory tract infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
Whooping cough (Pertussis)
A highly infectious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Symptoms: Spasms of violent hacking and persistent, recurrent coughing with a whoop like noise.
Strep Throat
A mild airborne infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes with characteristic symptoms of red or sore throat, fever, and headache.
Scarlet Fever
A disease caused by a strain of streptococcus that produces an erythogenic toxin leading to the development of a red rash and a strawberry- colored tongue.
Erythrogenic Toxin
A secretion, produced by some strains of streptococci, that causes the red rash of scarlet fever.
Toxic Shock Syndrome
A condition caused by certain strains of toxin-producing staphlococci.
Necrotising Fasciities
A condition caused by highly invasive streptococci in which the subcutaneous tissue is infected.
Glomerulonephritis
A kidney disease
Rheumatic Fever
A condition involving the heart and joints, are possible long-term complications of repeated early childhood streptococcal infections.
Meningitis
Inflammation of the meninges, the three membranes covering the spinal cord and the brain.
Laryngitis
Inflammation of the larynx.
Tracheitis
Inflammation of the trachea.
Bronchitis
Inflammation of the bronchioles.
Pleurisy
Inflammation of the pleura.
Pneumonia
Inflammation of the lungs.
Legionnaires' Disease
An airborne pneumonia like disease caused by Legionella pneumophila.
Pontiac Fever
A pneumonia like illness caused by Legionella pneumophila.
Tuberculosis
Mycobacterium tuberculosis, acquired from cattle and originated in the Middle East about 8,000 years ago.
Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
Diseases caused by transmission of microbes from the warm, moist mucous membranes of one individual to the mucous membranes of another individual during sexual contact.
Syphilis
Has primary, secondary, and tertiary stages.
Treponemes
The vector for Chagas' disease, commonly referred to as the kissing bug.
Neurosyphilis
A late stage of syphilis involving neurological damage possibly characterized by paralysis and insanity.
Gummas
Tumor like lesions that develop during the tertiary stage; they destroy nerve or skin tissue.
Congenital Syphilis
The result of spirochetes that pass across the placenta from mother to baby.
Saber Shins
A condition in which the shinbone develops abnormally
Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
Occurs in about 50% of untreated females and is characterized by abdominal pain and, possibly sterility.
Ophthalmia Neonatorum
A condition where N.gonorrhoeae can be transmitted into the eyes of newborns during delivery, causing corneal damage and possible blindness.
Ulcers
A sore on a soft part of the body including the skin, duodenum, or stomach.
Urease
Breaks down Urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.
Urea
A metabolic product of the body.
Breath Test
A means of diagnosing peptic ulcers based on the production of urease by Helicobacter pylori.
Hansen's Disease
Disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae; formerly known as leprosy.
Lepromas
Tumor like skin lesions seen in leprosy.
Boils
Localized skin infections frequently caused by staphylococci.
Carbuncles
Localized skin infections that are larger and deeper than boils and can reach baseball size.
Systemic Infection
Blood-borne infections that spread throughout the body.
Impetigo
A relatively common manifestation of staphylococcal infection; Superficial infection of the skin usually occurs around the mouth in the form of blisters that ooze a yellowish liquid.
Scalded Skin Syndrome
A condition caused by staphylococcal toxin that results in the skin's becoming blistery with a tendency to peel.
Exfoliative toxin
A substance produced by staphylococci that causes the skin to become blistery and peel away.
Anthrax
A potentially deadly disease caused by Bacillus Anthracis, a gram-positive bacillus; spores can be readily spread by missiles and bombs.
Inhalation Anthrax
The most severe form of anthrax, resulting from intake of anthrax spores.
Cutaneous Anthrax
A form of anthrax that is acquired by contact with Bacillus anthracis or its spores via wool, hides, leather, or hair products.
Gastrointestinal Anthrax
A form of anthrax resulting from the ingestion of inadequately cooked meat contaminated with Bacillus anthracis.
Tetanus (lockjaw)
A bacterial disease acquired by exposure to Clostridium tetani or its spores. Symptoms: stiffness in jaw and contraction of muscles in the limbs, stomach, and neck.
Tetanospasmin
A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani that results in rigid paralysis.
Opisthotonos
Contractions in the back and the rib muscles cause the body to arch severely, so only the victim's head and heels are in contact with the surface.
Neonatal Tetanus
Common manifestation of tetanus in the first month of life in developing countries and follows same patterns and tetanus.
Plague (Black Death)
A bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a highly virulent bacterium.
Bubonic Plague
A form of Yersinia pestis infection in which the bacteria localize in lymph nodes, causing them to swell to the size of hens' eggs.
Buboes
Enlarged nodes that may swell to the size of eggs.
Pneumonic plague
A form of bubonic plague that develops into pneumonia.
Septicemic Plague
A variety of plague resulting from the spread of infection from the lungs to other parts of the body.
Ehrlichiosis
An emerging tickborne infection caused by a gram-negative intracellular bacillus.
Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
A tick-borne bacterial infection caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis.
Nymphs
A pre-adult stage in tick development.
Endemic Relapsing Fever
A tick-borne bacterial disease caused by Borrelia recurrentis.
Epidemic Relapsing Fever
A spirochete-caused disease transmitted from person to person by the bite of infected body lice.
Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
A tick-borne disease common in the southern United States that is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
Endemic Typhus
A disease caused by Rickettsia typhi; transmitted to humans by the bite of rat fleas.
Murine Typhus
A variety of typhus fever caused by Rickettsia typh that is transmitted by fleas.
Epidemic Typhus
A disease caused by Rickettsia typhi; transmitted directly from human to human by bites of body lice.