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154 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Symbiosis
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"Living together" and describes an association between two or more species.
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Mutualism
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The "best of all worlds" and is like a blissful marriage in which both members of the association enjoy benefits.
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Commensalism
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A relationship between two or more species in which one benefits and the other is indifferent, that is, neither benefited nor harmed.
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Parasitism
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A relationship in which the parasite lives at the expense of its host.
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Peritonitis
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A potentially fatal condition caused by leakage of intestinal fluids into the abdomen.
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Miasmas
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A term used before microbes were identified as agents of disease, meaning "bad air" or "swamp air."
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Koch's postulates
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A set of rules used to establish that a particular organism is the cause of a particular disease. 1.Association 2.Isolation 3.Causation 4.Reisolation
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Infection
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The presence of microbes in the body without definitive symptoms.
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Disease
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A possible outcome of infection in which health is impaired in some fashion.
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Subclinical
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Asymptomatic and not diagnosed.
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Dose
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The number of microorganisms to which the potential host has been exposed.
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Virulence
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Microbial mechanisms or weapons.
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Resistance
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The host immune system.
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D=nV/R
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An equation representing the struggle between disease-producing microbes and host resistance. D is the severity of the infection; n is the number of organisms; V is for virulence factors; R is for resistance factors.
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Infective Dose (ID)
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A minimal dose necessary to establish infection.
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LD50
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50% lethal dose; a laboratory measurement of virulence to determine the dose that kills 50% of the test animals in a given time.
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Defensive Strategies
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Adaptations that allow microbes to escape destruction by the host immune system.
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Offensive Strategies
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Adaptations by microbes that result in their ability to damage the host and establish disease.
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M protein
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A protein found in the cell walls of streptococci that confers resistance to phagocytosis.
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Enzymes
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Substances that act as catalysts on specific substrates and influence the rate of a chemical reaction; some bacterial enzymes are virulence factors.
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Hyaluronidase
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An enzyme produced by some bacteria that breaks down hyaluronic acid found in connective tissue.
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Collagenase
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An enzyme that breaks down collagen.
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Collagen
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A protein found in connective tissue.
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Debridement
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Removal of dead tissue in an attempt to halt an infection.
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Hemolysins
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Secretions produced by some microbes that destroy red blood cells through the destructionsof cells membranes.
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Kinases
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Break down clots, allowing entrapped bacteria to spread.
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Streptokinase
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A product of streptococci that dissolves blood clots.
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Coagulase
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Forms a network of threads around bacteria, affording protection against phagocytosis and leukocidins.
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Leukocidins
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Destroy white blood cells
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Toxin
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Substances that are poisonous to the body.
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Exotoxins
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Protein molecules that are released by microbes during their growth and active stage.
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Endotoxins
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A toxin produced by some gram-negative bacteria; usually released upon death and disintegration of the microbe.
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Cytotoxins
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Kill or damage host cells.
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Neurotoxins
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Interfere with transmission of nerve impulses.
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Enterotoxins
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Affect the cells lining the gastrointestinal tract , leading to diarrhea.
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AB model
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An explanation of the mode of toxin activity involving A and B toxin fragments.
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Toxigenicity
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The ability to produce toxins.
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Prophage
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A segment of phage integrated into a bacterial chromosome.
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Lysogenized
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Refers to bacterial cells that contain phage nucleic acid.
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Phage Conversion
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A process by which bacteriophage DNA is incorporated into the bacterial chromosome and confers new properties on the bacterial host.
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Lipopolysaccharides
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A molecule with both a lipid and a polysaccharide component found int he outer wall of gram-negative bacteria.
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Incubation Stage
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The time between the pathogens access to the body through a portal of entry and the display of signs and symptoms.
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Prodromal Stage
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An early stage in microbial disease characterized by headache, tiredness, and and muscle aches.
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Illness Stage
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The time in which disease develops to the most severe stage, as evidenced by typical signs and symptoms.
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Stage of Decline
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The time following an illness in which symptoms begin to disappear and the body returns to normal.
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Convalescence Stage
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The time in which recovery from an illness takes place, strength is regained, repair of damaged tissue occurs, and rashes disappear.
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Epidemiology
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An investigative methodology designed to determine the source and the cause of diseases and disorders that produce illness, disability, and death in human populations.
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Sporadic
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Occurring occasionally and at irregular intervals in a random and unpredictable fashion.
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Endemic
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A disease that is continually present at a steady level in population and poses little public threat.
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Epidemic
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A disease that has a sudden increase in morbidity and mortality in a particular population.
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Pandemic
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A worldwide outbreak of disease.
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Morbidity
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A measure of the rate of illness of a particular disease.
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Mortality
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A measure of the rate of death resulting from a particular disease.
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Common-source Epidemics
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Outbreaks of disease arising from contact with a single contaminated source, typically associated with fecally contaminated food or water.
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Propagated Epidemics
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Epidemics resulting from direct person-to-person transmission.
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Herd Immunity
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The term refers to the proportion of immunized individuals in a population.
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Reservoir
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A site in nature in which microbes survive (and possibly multiply) and from which they may be transmitted.
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Active Carriers
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Individuals who have a microbial disease.
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Healthy Carriers
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Have no symptoms and unwittingly pass the disease on to others.
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Typhoid Mary
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A cook and healthy lifetime carrier of typhoid fever, was responsible for about ten outbreaks, fifty-three cases, and three deaths due to typhoid fever during her lifetime.
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Chronic Carries
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Those who harbor a pathogen for long periods after recovery.
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Zoonoses
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Diseases from which domestic and/or wild animals are the reservoirs and which can be transmitted to humans.
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Transmission
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The bridge between reservoir and portal of entry.
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Direct Transmission
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Is person-to-person contact, in which the infectious agent is directly and immediately transferred from a portal of exit to a portal of entry.
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Horizontal Transmission
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A disease spreads from one person to another.
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Vertical Transmission
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In which the pathogens are passed from mother to offspring across the placenta, in breast milk, or in the birth canal.
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Indirect Transmission
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The passage of infectious material from a reservoir or source to an intermediate agent and then to a host.
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Fomites
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Inanimate objects that serve as means of transmission of infectious material.
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Aerosols
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The second type of indirect transmission.
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Arthropoda
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A biological phylum characterized by jointed appendages and divided into three classes; fleas, ticks, mosquitoes, and lobsters are examples.
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Transovarial Transmission
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The passage of microbes from adult ticks to their eggs.
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Insects
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Extremely large group of arthropods with well over one million species.
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Mechanical Vectors
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Arthropod vectors that transmit microbes passively on their body parts; the microbes do not invade, multiply, or develop in the vector.
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Biological Vectors
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Organisms, including mosquitoes, ticks, lice, and flies, that transmit microbial disease.
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Portal of Exit
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The site which the microbes leave a host and may infect another host.
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Nosocomial Infections
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Infections required by patients during their hospital stay or during their confinement in other long-term health care facilities; infections acquired by hospital personnel are also considered nosocomial.
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Food Intoxication
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The result of ingestion of bacterial toxins.
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Food Infection
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The result of of ingestion of bacteria in contaminated foods and their subsequent growth in the intestinal tract accompanied by their secretion of toxin.
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Enterotoxin
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A toxin that affects the intestinal tract.
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Botulism
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A form of food poisoning caused by Clostridium botulinum, a neurotoxin causes flaccid paralysis.
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Botox
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Minute doses of botulinum toxin used to reduce wrinkles and to treat common disorders associated with muscle over activity.
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Gas Gangrene
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A condition brought about through contamination of a wound with particles of soil containing Clostridium perfringens or its spores.
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"Staph Food Poisoning"
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An illness caused by the secretion of an enterotoxin from Staphylococcus aureus; Symptoms: Abdominal cramps, nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
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Salmonellosis
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A condition caused by ingestion of salmonella bacteria resulting in gastroenteritis manifested by nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and abdominal cramps.
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Typhoid Fever
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A disease caused by Salmonella typhi that is transmitted by flies and fomites.
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Cholera
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Vibrio Cholerae, a gram-negative curved rod.
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Oral Rehydration Therapy
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A method of cholera treatment designed to replace lost body fluids; an alternative to intravenous redydration.
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Hemolytic Uremic Syndrome
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A condition; in children under 5 years of age there is a greater risk of death from kidney damage resulting from toxin-produced hemorrhages in the kidney.
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Enterotoxigenic E.coli Strains
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Strains of E.coli that are a common cause of traveler's diarrhea.
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Traveler's Diarrhea
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An illness caused by enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli stains.
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Campylobacter
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A bacteria that is an important cause of intestinal disease in humans and is associated with abortion and enteritis in sheep and cattle.
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Upper Respiratory Tract Infection
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Infections occurring in the tonsils or pharynx.
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Lower Respiratory Tract Infection
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Infections that occur in the trachea, larynx, bronchi, bronchioles, or lungs.
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Diphtheria
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An upper respiratory tract infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae.
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Whooping cough (Pertussis)
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A highly infectious disease caused by Bordetella pertussis. Symptoms: Spasms of violent hacking and persistent, recurrent coughing with a whoop like noise.
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Strep Throat
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A mild airborne infection caused by Streptococcus pyogenes with characteristic symptoms of red or sore throat, fever, and headache.
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Scarlet Fever
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A disease caused by a strain of streptococcus that produces an erythogenic toxin leading to the development of a red rash and a strawberry- colored tongue.
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Erythrogenic Toxin
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A secretion, produced by some strains of streptococci, that causes the red rash of scarlet fever.
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Toxic Shock Syndrome
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A condition caused by certain strains of toxin-producing staphlococci.
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Necrotising Fasciities
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A condition caused by highly invasive streptococci in which the subcutaneous tissue is infected.
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Glomerulonephritis
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A kidney disease
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Rheumatic Fever
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A condition involving the heart and joints, are possible long-term complications of repeated early childhood streptococcal infections.
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Meningitis
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Inflammation of the meninges, the three membranes covering the spinal cord and the brain.
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Laryngitis
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Inflammation of the larynx.
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Tracheitis
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Inflammation of the trachea.
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Bronchitis
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Inflammation of the bronchioles.
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Pleurisy
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Inflammation of the pleura.
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Pneumonia
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Inflammation of the lungs.
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Legionnaires' Disease
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An airborne pneumonia like disease caused by Legionella pneumophila.
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Pontiac Fever
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A pneumonia like illness caused by Legionella pneumophila.
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Tuberculosis
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Mycobacterium tuberculosis, acquired from cattle and originated in the Middle East about 8,000 years ago.
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Sexually Transmitted Disease (STD)
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Diseases caused by transmission of microbes from the warm, moist mucous membranes of one individual to the mucous membranes of another individual during sexual contact.
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Syphilis
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Has primary, secondary, and tertiary stages.
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Treponemes
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The vector for Chagas' disease, commonly referred to as the kissing bug.
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Neurosyphilis
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A late stage of syphilis involving neurological damage possibly characterized by paralysis and insanity.
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Gummas
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Tumor like lesions that develop during the tertiary stage; they destroy nerve or skin tissue.
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Congenital Syphilis
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The result of spirochetes that pass across the placenta from mother to baby.
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Saber Shins
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A condition in which the shinbone develops abnormally
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Pelvic Inflammatory Disease
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Occurs in about 50% of untreated females and is characterized by abdominal pain and, possibly sterility.
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Ophthalmia Neonatorum
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A condition where N.gonorrhoeae can be transmitted into the eyes of newborns during delivery, causing corneal damage and possible blindness.
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Ulcers
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A sore on a soft part of the body including the skin, duodenum, or stomach.
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Urease
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Breaks down Urea into carbon dioxide and ammonia.
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Urea
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A metabolic product of the body.
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Breath Test
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A means of diagnosing peptic ulcers based on the production of urease by Helicobacter pylori.
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Hansen's Disease
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Disease caused by Mycobacterium leprae; formerly known as leprosy.
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Lepromas
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Tumor like skin lesions seen in leprosy.
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Boils
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Localized skin infections frequently caused by staphylococci.
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Carbuncles
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Localized skin infections that are larger and deeper than boils and can reach baseball size.
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Systemic Infection
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Blood-borne infections that spread throughout the body.
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Impetigo
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A relatively common manifestation of staphylococcal infection; Superficial infection of the skin usually occurs around the mouth in the form of blisters that ooze a yellowish liquid.
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Scalded Skin Syndrome
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A condition caused by staphylococcal toxin that results in the skin's becoming blistery with a tendency to peel.
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Exfoliative toxin
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A substance produced by staphylococci that causes the skin to become blistery and peel away.
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Anthrax
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A potentially deadly disease caused by Bacillus Anthracis, a gram-positive bacillus; spores can be readily spread by missiles and bombs.
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Inhalation Anthrax
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The most severe form of anthrax, resulting from intake of anthrax spores.
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Cutaneous Anthrax
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A form of anthrax that is acquired by contact with Bacillus anthracis or its spores via wool, hides, leather, or hair products.
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Gastrointestinal Anthrax
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A form of anthrax resulting from the ingestion of inadequately cooked meat contaminated with Bacillus anthracis.
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Tetanus (lockjaw)
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A bacterial disease acquired by exposure to Clostridium tetani or its spores. Symptoms: stiffness in jaw and contraction of muscles in the limbs, stomach, and neck.
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Tetanospasmin
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A neurotoxin produced by Clostridium tetani that results in rigid paralysis.
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Opisthotonos
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Contractions in the back and the rib muscles cause the body to arch severely, so only the victim's head and heels are in contact with the surface.
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Neonatal Tetanus
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Common manifestation of tetanus in the first month of life in developing countries and follows same patterns and tetanus.
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Plague (Black Death)
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A bacterial disease caused by Yersinia pestis, a highly virulent bacterium.
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Bubonic Plague
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A form of Yersinia pestis infection in which the bacteria localize in lymph nodes, causing them to swell to the size of hens' eggs.
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Buboes
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Enlarged nodes that may swell to the size of eggs.
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Pneumonic plague
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A form of bubonic plague that develops into pneumonia.
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Septicemic Plague
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A variety of plague resulting from the spread of infection from the lungs to other parts of the body.
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Ehrlichiosis
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An emerging tickborne infection caused by a gram-negative intracellular bacillus.
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Human Monocytic Ehrlichiosis
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A tick-borne bacterial infection caused by Ehrlichia chaffeensis.
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Nymphs
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A pre-adult stage in tick development.
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Endemic Relapsing Fever
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A tick-borne bacterial disease caused by Borrelia recurrentis.
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Epidemic Relapsing Fever
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A spirochete-caused disease transmitted from person to person by the bite of infected body lice.
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Rocky Mountain Spotted Fever
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A tick-borne disease common in the southern United States that is caused by Rickettsia rickettsii
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Endemic Typhus
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A disease caused by Rickettsia typhi; transmitted to humans by the bite of rat fleas.
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Murine Typhus
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A variety of typhus fever caused by Rickettsia typh that is transmitted by fleas.
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Epidemic Typhus
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A disease caused by Rickettsia typhi; transmitted directly from human to human by bites of body lice.
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