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58 Cards in this Set

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1Developmental psychology is the scientific study of how and why human beings develop over the course of their life. Originally concerned with infants and children, the field has expanded to include adolescence, adult development, aging, and the entire lifespan
2One of the oldest arguments in the history of psychology is the Nature vs Nurture debate. Each of these sides have good points that it's really hard to decide whether a person's development is predisposed in his DNA, or a majority of it is influenced by this life experiences and his environment.

3The psychological debate that asks the question, is development gradual or does it follow a sequence with distinct stages?

4The psychological debate that asks, do our personalities educe or change? Psychoanalysts say personalities are developed in the first five years of life and then stay. Change Theorists say personalities are modified by interactions. Developmental psychologists say some things like temperament and outgoingness stay stable, but social attitudes can change.

5 In medical research and social science, a cross-sectional study (also known as a cross-sectional analysis, transversal study, prevalence study) is a type of observational study that involves the analysis of data collected from a population, or a representative subset, at one specific point in time

6A longitudinal study is an observational research method in which data is gathered for the same subjects repeatedly over a period of time. Longitudinal research projects can extend over years or even decades. In a longitudinal cohort study, the same individuals are observed over the study period.

7A cohort effect is the particular impact of a group bonded by time or common life experience

8a period during someone's development in which a particular skill or characteristic is believed to be most readily acquired.

9a time or stage in a person's development when they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills.

11The two-week period after conception is called the germinal stage. Conception occurs when a sperm cell combines with an egg cell to form a zygote. About thirty-six hours after conception, the zygote begins to divide quickly. The resulting ball of cells moves along the mother's fallopian tube to the uterus.

12The embryonic period refers to the early stages of human development, from fertilization to the end of eight weeks' (56 days') gestation. It is during the embryonic period that all major systems and structures develop.

13a developing mammal or other viviparous vertebrate after the embryonic stage and before birth. It is also defined as the unborn young of a vertebrate, after developing to its basic form.

14Fine motor skills are small movements — such as picking up small objects and holding a spoon — that use the small muscles of the fingers, toes, wrists, lips, and tongue. Gross motor skills are the bigger movements — such as rolling over and sitting — that use the large muscles in the arms, legs, torso, and feet.

15Gross motor skills are larger movements your baby makes with his arms, legs, feet, or his entire body. So crawling, running, and jumping are gross motor skills. Fine motor skills are smaller actions.

10a time or stage in a person's development when they are more responsive to certain stimuli and quicker to learn particular skills.

16relating to the instincts, physiological processes, and activities connected with physical attraction or intimate physical contact between individuals

17Prenatal or antenatal development is the process in which a human embryo or fetus (or foetus) gestates during pregnancy, from fertilization until birth. Often, the terms fetal development, foetal development, or embryology are used in a similar sense.

18a diploid cell resulting from the fusion of two haploid gametes; a fertilized ovum.

19an unborn or unhatched offspring in the process of development

20an unborn offspring of a mammal, in particular an unborn human baby more than eight weeks after conception.

2Physical and mental damage in a child due to alcohol exposure while in the womb.

23Developmental: delayed development, failure to thrive, learning disability, low birth weight, short stature, or slow growth




Behavioral: aggression, antisocial behavior, hyperactivity, impulsivity, or irritability

24a newborn child or mammal.

25an action that is performed as a response to a stimulus and without conscious thought.

26Rooting reflex: A reflex that is seen in normal newborn babies, who automatically turn the face toward the stimulus and make sucking (rooting) motions with the mouth when the cheek or lip is touched. The rooting reflex helps to ensure successful breastfeeding.

21an agent or factor that causes malformation of an embryo.

27Sucking movements of an infant's lips elicited by touching them or the adjacent skin.

28the act of swallowing (second stage) induced by stimulation of the palate, fauces, or posterior pharyngeal wall.

29An involuntary bending of the fingers in response to tactile or tendon stimulation on the palm, producing an uncontrollable grasp, and associated with frontal lobe brain lesions.29

30The Moro reflex is an infantile reflex normally present in all infants/newborns up to 4 or 5 months of age as a response to a sudden loss of support, when the infant feels as if it is falling

31a reflex action in which the big toe remains extended or extends itself when the sole of the foot is stimulated, abnormal except in young infants.

32the diminishing of a physiological or emotional response to a frequently repeated stimulus.

33the period during which adolescents reach sexual maturity and become capable of reproduction.

34Primary sexual characteristics are the physical characteristics directly involved in reproduction, such as the sex organs. The sex organs involved can have various names depending on the living thing being discussed.

35Secondary sex characteristics are features that appear at sexual maturity in animals and during puberty in humans, especially the sexually dimorphic phenotypic traits that distinguish the two sexes of a species (male and female), but that, unlike the sex organs, are not directly part of the reproductive system.

36the first menstrual cycle, or first menstrual bleeding, in female humans. From both social and medical perspectives, it is often considered the central event of female puberty, as it signals the possibility of fertility.

37A natural decline in reproductive hormones when a woman reaches her 40s or 50s.

38a representation of a plan or theory in the form of an outline or model.

39In this question, assimilation is a noun that means the process of absorbing one cultural group into another. Whether you're talking about ideas or nutrients, assimilation describes the act of taking something in and absorbing it fully.

40Accommodation (Acc) is the process by which the vertebrate eye changes optical power to maintain a clear image or focus on an object as its distance varies. Accommodation acts like a reflex, but can also be consciously controlled.

41The Sensorimotor Stage is the first stage Piaget uses to define cognitive development. During this period, infants are busy discovering relationships between their bodies and the environment. Researchers have discovered that infants have relatively well developed sensory abilities.

42Object permanence is the understanding that objects continue to exist even when they cannot be observed

43you soon forget people or things that are no longer visible or present.

44A major advancement in the preschool years is the acquisition of symbolic thought—a type of thinking in which symbols or internal images are used to represent objects, persons, and events that are not present.

45In psychology, centration is the tendency to focus on one salient aspect of a situation and neglect other, possibly relevant aspects.

46Hypothetical-deductive method is a very important method for testing theories or hypotheses and is one of the most basic methods common to all scientific disciplines.

47Postformal thought is believed to be more flexible, logical, willing to accept moral and intellectual complexities, and dialectical than previous stages in development.

48Knowledge is not separate units-it is a framework


Diversity of opinions


No absolute truth


Subjective beliefs

49Crystallized intelligence is the ability to use skills, knowledge, and experience. It does not equate to memory, but it does rely on accessing information from long-term memory.

50Fluid intelligence is the capacity to think logically and solve problems in novel situations, independent of acquired knowledge.

51Preoperational Stage. During this stage (toddler through age 7), young children are able to think about things symbolically. Their language use becomes more mature.

52As a cognitive bias, egocentrism refers to the natural restriction on our perception caused by the simple fact that we can only see the world from our perspective. It takes special effort to see the world from any perspective other than through our own eyes.

53the attribution of a soul to plants, inanimate objects, and natural phenomena.


54the assumption that anything that exists must have been made by a conscious entity, such as God or a human being, who is then directly responsible for its qualities, behaviors and movements.

55the concrete operational stage of development can be defined as the stage of cognitive development in which a child is capable of performing a variety of mental operations and thoughts using concrete concepts.

56The formal operational stage is the fourth and final stage in Piaget'stheory. It begins at approximately 11 to 12 years of age, and continuesthroughout adulthood, although Piaget does point out that some people may neverreach this stage of cognitive development.

57Hypothesis testing is an essential procedure in statistics. A hypothesis test evaluates two mutually exclusive statements about a population to determine which statement is best supported by the sample data.

58The Information Processing Model is a framework used by cognitive psychologists to explain and describe mental processes.

59Internalization is the opposite of externalization. Generally, internalization is the process of consolidating and embedding one's own beliefs, attitudes, and values when it comes to moral behavior.

60The zone of proximal development, often abbreviated as ZPD, is the difference between what a learner can do without help and what he or she can do with help.

61A progressive disease that destroys memory and other important mental functions.

62A culture is a way of life of a group of people--the behaviors, beliefs, values, and symbols that they accept, generally without thinking about them, and that are passed along by communication and imitation from one generation to the next.

63join or be joined securely to something else,

64an extra part or extension that is or can be attached to something to perform a particular function.

65to observe attachment relationships between a caregiver and child. It applies to children between the age of nine and 18 months.

66avoidant attachment is an adult attachment style that is characterized by the urge to protect oneself and stay away from relationships, while at the same time having an urge to be in a relationship.

67Anxious/ambivalent attachment style is characterized by low avoidance and high anxiety. Infants with this style are insecure and overemotional when it comes to their mothers. They are anxious when the mother is there and when she is absent.

68Children with secure attachment feel protected by their caregivers, and they know that they can depend on them to return.

69A child with the anxious-avoidant insecure attachment style will avoid or ignore the caregiver — showing little emotion when the caregiver departs or returns. The child will not explore very much regardless of who is there.

70a person's or animal's nature, especially as it permanently affects their behavior.

71babies with easy temperaments

72babies with difficult temperaments

73conscious knowledge of one's own character, feelings, motives, and desires.

74Social referencing refers to the tendency of a person to look to a significant other in an ambiguous situation in order to obtain clarifying information.

75Authoritarian parents have high expectations of their children and have very strict rules that they expect to be followed unconditionally.

76As Baumrind explains, authoritative parenting artfully combines qualities of responsiveness and demandingness. Responsiveness, or nurturance, refers to the warmth, love, understanding, and empathy that a parent offers a child

77 permissive, non-directive or lenient, is characterized as having few behavioral expectations for the child. "Indulgent parenting is a style of parenting in which parents are very involved with their children but place few demands or controls on them".

78Neglectful parenting can also mean dismissing the children's emotions and opinions. Parents are emotionally unsupportive of their children, but will still provide their basic needs. Provide basic needs meaning: food, housing, and toiletries or money for the aforementioned.

79A life span theory of motivation

80Erikson's stages of psychosocial development, as articulated by Erik Erikson, is a psychoanalytic theory which identifies eight stages through which a healthily developing human should pass from infancy to late adulthood. In each stage, the person confronts, and hopefully masters, new challenges.

81Biological Gender (sex) includes physical attributes such as external genitalia, sex chromosomes, gonads, sex hormones, and internal reproductive structures. At birth, it is used to assign sex, that is, to identify individuals as male or female.

82A gender role is a set of societal norms dictating what types of behaviors are generally considered acceptable, appropriate or desirable for a person based on their actual or perceived sex.

83Gender Identity. One's innermost concept of self as male or female or both or neither—how individuals perceive themselves and what they call themselves. One's gender identity can be the same or different than the sex assigned at birth.

84This idea of gender consistency, similar to Piaget's concrete-operational stage, is represented by three stages: 1. gender identity: the child recognizes that they are either a boy or a girl and possesses the ability to label others.

85the understanding that your own and other people's sex is fixed across situations regardless of superficial changes in appearance or activities.

86Gender schema theory was formally introduced by Sandra Bem in 1981 as a cognitive theory to explain how individuals become gendered in society, and how sex-linked characteristics are maintained and transmitted to other members of a culture.

87Judging what people can and cannot do based on their gender

88Androgyny is the combination of masculine and feminine characteristics. Sexual ambiguity may be found in fashion, gender identity, sexual identity, or sexual lifestyle.

89Mary Dinsmore Salter Ainsworth was an American-Canadian developmental psychologist known for her work in early emotional attachment with the Strange Situation design, as well as her work in the development of attachment theory.

90Sigmund Freud was an Austrian neurologist and the father of psychoanalysis, a clinical method for treating psychopathology through dialogue between a patient and a psychoanalyst.

91he term oral stage denotes the first psychosexual development stage where in the mouth of the infant is his or her primary erogenous zone.

92The anal stage is the second stage in Sigmund Freud's theory of psychosexual development, lasting from age 18 months to three years. According to Freud, the anus is the primary erogenous zone and pleasure is derived from controlling bladder and bowel movement.

93In Freudian psychoanalysis, the phallic stage is the third stage of psychosexual development, spanning the ages of three to six years, wherein the infant's libido (desire) centers upon his or her genitalia as the erogenous zone.

94The genital stage in psychoanalysis is the term used by Sigmund Freud to describe the final stage of human psychosexual development. The individual develops a strong sexual interest in people outside of the family.

95Erik Homburger Erikson was a German-born American developmental psychologist and psychoanalyst known for his theory on psychosocial development of human beings. He may be most famous for coining the phrase identity crisis.

96The first stage of Erik Erikson's theory centers around the infant's basic needs being met by the parents and this interaction leading to trust or mistrust. Trust as defined by Erikson is "an essential truthfulness of others as well as a fundamental sense of one's own trustworthiness."

97Autonomy versus shame and doubt is the second stage of Erik Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. This stage occurs between the ages of 18 months to approximately age two to three years. According to Erikson, children at this stage are focused on developing a greater sense of self-control.

98Initiative versus guilt is the third stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during the preschool years, between the ages of three and five. During the initiative versus guilt stage, children begin to assert their power and control over the world through directing play and other social interaction.

99Industry versus inferiority is the fourth stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. The stage occurs during childhood between the ages of six and eleven. School and social interaction play an important role during this time of a child’s life. Through social interactions, children begin to develop a sense of pride in their accomplishments and abilities.

100Adolescence is the period of life between childhood and adulthood. According to psychologist Erik Erikson, adolescents go through the psychosocial crisis of identity versus role confusion, which involves exploring who they are as individuals.

101As we enter young adulthood in our early twenties, we also enter Erikson's stage known as intimacy vs. isolation. During this stage, young adults face the challenge of forming close relationships with others. They develop intimate friendships and partnerships.

102Generativity versus stagnation is the seventh stage of Erik Erikson’s theory of psychosocial development. This stage takes place during middle adulthood between the ages of approximately 40 and 65. During this time, adults strive to create or nurture things that will outlast them; often by having children or contributing to positive changes that benefits other people.

103Integrity versus despair is the eighth and final stage of Erik Erikson's theory of psychosocial development. This stage occurs during late adulthood from age 65 through the end of life. During this period of time, people reflect back on the life they have lived and come away with either a sense of fulfillment from a life well lived or a sense of regret and despair over a life misspent.

104Jean Piaget was a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. His theory of cognitive development and epistemological view are together called "genetic epistemology"

105Conservation refers to a logical thinking ability which, according to the psychologist Jean Piaget, is not present in children during the preoperational stage of their development at ages 2–7, but develops in the concrete operational stage at ages 7–11.

106the amount of space that a substance or object occupies, or that is enclosed within a container, especially when great.

107Area is the quantity that expresses the extent of a two-dimensional figure or shape, or planar lamina, in the plane. Surface area is its analog on the two-dimensional surface of a three-dimensional object.

108an arithmetical value, expressed by a word, symbol, or figure, representing a particular quantity and used in counting and making calculations and for showing order in a series or for identification.

109Lawrence Kohlberg was an American psychologist best known for his theory of stages of moral development.

110Moral development focuses on the emergence, change, and understanding of morality from infancy through adulthood. In the field of moral development, morality is defined as principles for how individuals ought to treat one another, with respect to justice, others' welfare, and rights.

111Lawrence Kohlberg's stages of moral development constitute an adaptation of a psychological theory originally conceived by the Swiss psychologist Jean Piaget.

112based on or in accordance with what is generally done or believed.

113One model of moral development suggests that, as each of us develop our individual morality, we go through three stages. In this lesson, you'll learn about the final stage - postconventional morality.

114Carol Gilligan is an American feminist, ethicist, and psychologist best known for her work with and against Lawrence Kohlberg on ethical community and ethical relationships, and certain subject-object problems in ethics.

115Diana Blumberg Baumrind is a clinical and developmental psychologist known for her research on parenting styles and for her critique of the use of deception in psychological research

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