Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
184 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
During Berlin Conference, how much of Africa had been under native/traditional control? |
80% |
|
|
20 years after Berlin Con, how much of Africa remained outside European control? |
10% |
|
|
Give some examples of expansion and consolidation in Africa (1890-1914). |
Sierra Leone protectorate 1896 Uganda - BEAC rule replaced by protectorate 1894 Nyasaland protectorate 1907 |
|
|
When was the initial acquisition of Sierra Leone, Uganda and Nyasaland? |
1808, 1888, 1891 |
|
|
What made up Brit West Africa? |
Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Ashantiland and Nigeria |
|
|
Who was King of Ashantiland? |
Prempeh |
|
|
How many Anglo-Ashanti wars were there? |
4 |
|
|
When was Prempeh forced from his throne? |
1896 |
|
|
When was the final Ashanti uprisng? |
1900 |
|
|
When was Ashantiland incorporated into Gold Coast colony? |
1902 |
|
|
In return for what, did France agree to recognise Brit's domination of Nigeria? |
Their claim to Madagascar |
|
|
When was direct control established in north Nigeria? |
1900 |
|
|
When was direct control established in Southern Nigeria? |
1906 |
|
|
When was Nigeria unified? |
1914 |
|
|
What comprised Brit East Africa? |
Rhodesia, Zanzibar, Uganda, Kenya, Sudan and Somaliland |
|
|
When did Brit and Germany sign a treaty establishing spheres of influence in East Africa? |
1890 |
|
|
Where was Britian's sphere of influence in East Africa? |
Zanzibar |
|
|
Where was Germany's sphere of influence in East Africa? |
Tanzania |
|
|
Who was installed as puppet Sultan of Zanzibar? |
Hamad bin Thuwaini |
|
|
Who succeeded Thuwaini in 1896? |
Khalid |
|
|
Who replaced Khalid? |
Sultan Hamud |
|
|
In 1836 who executed 30 Catholics and Protestants? What did this provoke? |
King Mwanga (Buganda) Civil war |
|
|
When was Mwanga restored to power? |
1889 |
|
|
In 1890, Mwanga signed a treaty with you, ceding powers over revenue, trade and justice to Imperial Brit East Africa COmpany? When were these powers transferred to the crown? |
Lord Lugard 1804 |
|
|
How did Brit consolidate their power over Uganda in 1896? |
Uganda railway |
|
|
How many miles was the Uganda railway? |
660 miles |
|
|
How long did it take to build Uganda railway? |
5 years |
|
|
How much did Uganda railway cost to build? |
£5 million |
|
|
How many labourers died building the Uganda railway? |
2500 |
|
|
Why was Kenya thought to be useful? |
Route from coast to Uganda |
|
|
Dispute between who in Kenya paved the way for Brit control? |
Native Mazrui and Muslim majority |
|
|
Who took up German-supplied arms against the Brits in Kenya? |
Sheikh Mbaruk bin Rashid |
|
|
Who succeeded madhi? |
Khalifa Abdullah |
|
|
When did Salisbury become PM? |
1885 |
|
|
In the treaty Salisbury signed with Germany in 1890, who got what? |
Germany - Tanganyika Brit - Kenya and Uganda French - West Africa |
|
|
Which Italian expansion in Africa was beneficial to Brit? |
Red Sea coast, Massawa |
|
|
Where and when were Italian forces defeated trying to seize Abyssinia? |
Adowa, 1896 |
|
|
Who was the Sudan campaign launched under? |
Commander-in-Chief (Egyptian army) Herber Kitchener |
|
|
When was the Battle of Omdurman? |
1898 |
|
|
When was the Fashoda incident? |
1898 |
|
|
When was Kitchener appointed Governor-General of Sudan? |
1899 |
|
|
When was Anglo-Egyptian Sudan condominium established? |
1899 |
|
|
Why was Somaliland's location important? |
Commanded access to Indian Ocean and colonies in the East |
|
|
What made up Brit South Africa? |
Rhodesia, Nyasaland and Cape Colony |
|
|
For what reason could Brits not establish control in Nyasalnd until 1891? |
Portugese-backed Arab attacks |
|
|
Until when did Guerrilla warfare continue in Nyasaland? |
1897 |
|
|
When did Nyasaland become a protectorate? |
1907 |
|
|
IN 1895, who sought the help of Cecil Rhodes, as they were being denied citizenship and voting rights by Kruger's Boer gov in Cape? |
Transvaal Uitlanders |
|
|
From where was a raid launched on the Transvaal? |
British Rhodesia |
|
|
Who launched the Transvaal raid? |
Dr Jameson |
|
|
As a result of Jameson's raid, what anti-Brit bond was formed? |
The Afrikaner Bond (Boers in Cape) |
|
|
Where did the Boers invade in Natal? |
Ladysmith |
|
|
When was the Second Boer War? |
1899-1902 |
|
|
How many imperial troops where sent to fight in Second Boer War? |
400,000 |
|
|
How much did the Second Boer War cost? |
£250 million |
|
|
By which treaty did Boers acknowledge themelves as Brit subjects? |
Peace of Vereeniging May 1902 |
|
|
When was responsible self-gov granted to Boers? |
1905 |
|
|
Which countries were part of Union of South Africa? |
Transvaal, Orange Free State, Cape and Natal |
|
|
When did Union of South Africa become a single Brit dominion territory? |
1910 |
|
|
In the Indian Civil Service, how many officers were there per district? |
3-4 |
|
|
When were the reforms that allowed some Indian representation at a provincial level? |
1892 and 1909 |
|
|
Which Viceroy was particularly energetic in cause of reform? |
Viceroy Curzon (1899-1905) |
|
|
What was the rep body of middle-class Indians wanting home rule? |
Indian National Congress |
|
|
When was Indian National Congress established? |
1885 |
|
|
Name a social and humanitarian group active among the 'Untouchables' |
The Servants of India Society |
|
|
Name some Viceroys |
Marquess of Lansdowne (1888-1894) Earl of Elgin (1894-99) Earl of Minto (1905-1910) Lord Hardinge (1910-16) |
|
|
Give some examples of Curzon's reforms |
Founded Imperial Cadet Corps 1901 Reformed universities and police, lowered taxes and adopted gold standard. Set up new Commerce and Industry Department, Agricultural Department |
|
|
What was created in 1901, to protect Indian border from Russians? |
North-West Frontier Province (NWFP) |
|
|
What did the NWFP merge? |
Thw Pashtun lands of Afghan people, with the Punjab |
|
|
Which country did Curzon invade to counter perceived Russian ambitions in the area? |
Tibet 1903-1904 |
|
|
Apart from Tibet, where else did Curzon and Russia clash over influence? |
Persia |
|
|
When was the agreement that established Russian and Brit spheres of influence in Persia and the independence of Tibet? |
1907 |
|
|
When was the partition of Bengal? |
Oct 1905 |
|
|
What was the partition of Bengal? |
Muslim-majority province of East Bengal and Assam - Hindu-majority province of West Bengal |
|
|
Who led the campaigns against the partition of Bengal? |
Surendranath Banerjee |
|
|
When was Bengal reunited? |
1911 |
|
|
What did the Muslim Elite of Bengal from in 1906? |
The All India Muslim League |
|
|
Who was Secretary of State for India in 1909? |
John Morley |
|
|
The Indian Councils Act enabled how many Indians to be elected to Viceroy's council? |
27 |
|
|
How to Viceroy Hardinage try to undermine revolutionary Hindu groups? |
By moving capital from Calcutta to Delhi (a Muslim stronghold) |
|
|
When was war declared on India's behalf and by who? |
August 1914, Hardinge |
|
|
What were the main hindrances to Brit action in EgypT? |
Capitulations, Caisse de la Dette and Mixed Courts |
|
|
What were the Capitulations? |
Privileges once granted by Sultan to protect Europeans from Muslim laws against Christians - because any new law had to be approved by all countries represented in Egypt, this slowed down the law-making |
|
|
What was the Caisse de la Dette? |
Austria-Hungary, France, Germany, Russia, Italy and Britian - controlled Egypt's finances, could prevent Consul-General from spending money on matters they disapproved of. |
|
|
What the 1904 Entente Cordiale agree? |
France would respect Brits special rights in Egypt, in return for Brit recognition of the take-over of Morocco. |
|
|
Describe Egypt's parlaiment |
Partially-elected. Advisory Council of Laws and a General Assembly, all Egyptian gov ministers had the 'support' of a Brit adviser. |
|
|
How many Brits were there working in Egyptian gov in 1885? |
100 |
|
|
How many Brits were there working in Egyptian gov in 1905? |
1,000 |
|
|
How much debt had Isma'il accrued? |
£70 million |
|
|
During Baring's rule, in the space of ten years how much had sugar a cotton exports increased? How much had Egypt's population increased? |
Tripled From 7 to 10 million |
|
|
How many Brit troops did Baring put in Egypt's army? |
6000 |
|
|
What did Sir John Aird build? |
The Aswan Dam |
|
|
What did the Aswan Dam enable? |
Half a million acres of former desert to be irrigated - year round cultivation |
|
|
When was a university offering modern subjects introduced to Egypt? |
1909 |
|
|
What was Egypt's largest employer? |
Thomas Cook and Son |
|
|
Which Egyptian nationalist party was reformed in 1893? |
al-Hizb al-Watani |
|
|
Which nationalist was appointed Minister for Education in Egypt? |
Saad Zaghlus Pasha |
|
|
When was the Denshawai incident? |
June 1906 |
|
|
Name some Consul-Generals of Egypt |
Sir Eldon Gorst (1907-1911) Viscount Herbert Kitchener (1911-14) |
|
|
When was Egypt declared a protectorate? |
November 1914 |
|
|
Who was made Khedive at start of the war? |
Hussein Kamel |
|
|
IN 1890 how many Indian, Civil Service Officers were there |
30 |
|
|
Since when had Brit had a policy of 'splendid isolation'? |
Napoleanic Wars 1815 |
|
|
When did Germany and Austria-Hungary form an alliance? |
1870 |
|
|
When did Italy join the Germany-Austria alliance? |
1882 |
|
|
When were military agreements made between France and Russia? |
1892 and 1894 |
|
|
What was the main source of conflict between Brit and Russia? |
Afghanistan |
|
|
Which Russian railway caused concern for Brit, due to its striking distance to Afghanistan? |
Tashkent |
|
|
The movement of how many troops near Afghanistan in February 1900 caused concern? |
300,000 |
|
|
Which Russian naval threat seemed a threat to the Suez Canal? |
Toulon - Mediterranean |
|
|
When was the Brit, French and Russian 'Triple entente'? |
1907 |
|
|
WHat did the Triple Entente recognise? |
Persian Gulf a neutral zone - Afghanistan to be Brit sphere of influence |
|
|
Where was the issue of the Kaiser threatening French issues in Morocco resolved? |
Alegeciras Conference (1906) |
|
|
Before outbreak of war, where did Russia, Germany and Italy have hopes of extending their empire? |
Balkan area |
|
|
What led Brit into WW1? |
German invasion of Belgium |
|
|
In 1890, India was taking how much of Brits exports? |
20% |
|
|
By 1914, Canada supplied how much of Brits beef? |
10% |
|
|
By 1914, Canada supplied how much of Brits wheat flour? |
15% |
|
|
When was the Imperial Federation League disbanded? |
1893 |
|
|
In 1913, how much of Brits imports did the Empire account for? |
24.9% |
|
|
In 1913, how much of Brits exports did the Empire account for? |
37.2% |
|
|
For what was Empire Brits main food supplier c.1913? |
cheese, apples, potatoes and fresh mutton |
|
|
What was the Empire's total trade worth in 1896? How much was trade between countries of the Empire? |
£745 million £183 million |
|
|
1897, how much of Brits exports did Tropical Africa take? |
1.2% |
|
|
French, Russians and Germans had started their own synthetic rubber production by when? |
1910 |
|
|
What were the Acts that enabled empire infrastructure projects, including rail links into African interior? |
Colonial Loans and Colonial Stocks Acts of 1899 and 1900 |
|
|
By 1908, which countries had not adopted the gold standard? |
China, Persia and some Central American countries |
|
|
Give an example of a pro-imperialist |
Joseph Chamberlain, Conservative Colonial Secretary |
|
|
What did the 1902 Colonial Conference discuss? |
An imperial customs union - 'imperial preference' |
|
|
Which party won the 1906 election? |
Liberals |
|
|
Before 1914, which countries had imposed import tariffs to assert their own interests over any ties to Brit? |
Australia, New Zealand and South Africa |
|
|
What was the Indian self-sufficiency movement known as? |
swadeshi |
|
|
When were Chamberlain's Colonial Conferences? |
1897 and 1902 |
|
|
When did Chamberlain resign as Colonial Secretary? |
1903 |
|
|
What did Chamberlain form after being passed over as PM in favour of Balfour? |
Tariff Reform League |
|
|
What was Cecil Rhodes's end goal? |
To establish Brit rule from north to south Africa, linking Cape to Sudan and Egypt. |
|
|
In 1890, where did Rhodes send settlers? |
Matabeleland to establish Fort Salisbury (would open up Rhodesia c1899) |
|
|
Rhodes Cape to Cairo dream was blocked by what? |
German occupation of East Africa from 1891 |
|
|
Which imperial pressure group benefited from Rhodes's money after he died? |
Round Table (1910 |
|
|
When did Rhodes resign as PM of Cape? |
1896 |
|
|
Who was Viceroy in 1899? |
Lord Curzon |
|
|
Between what years was Baring Consul-General of Egypt? |
1883-1907 |
|
|
What allowed Baring to dismiss Egyptian ministers who refused to accept directives? |
'Granville Doctrine' |
|
|
When did Tewfiq die? |
1892 |
|
|
Who was Tewfiq succeeded by? |
Abbas Hilmi II |
|
|
Why did Baring resign? |
Denshawai 1906 |
|
|
What did Baring become President of after his resignation? |
Men's league for Opposing Women's Suffrage |
|
|
Who was High Commisioner for Southern Africa from 1897? |
Alfred Milner |
|
|
Where were Milner schools formed? |
Pretoria and Johannesburg |
|
|
Who took Brit into the Boer war? |
Alfred Milner |
|
|
When did Kruger declare the boer war? |
october 1889 |
|
|
When was the Bloemfontein Conference? |
May-June 1899 |
|
|
When did the first batch of Chinese 'coolies' arrive to supplement the gold-mining industry in the Transvaal? |
June 1904 |
|
|
Name some imperial activism societies |
Royal Colonial Institute (1870) Victoria League (1901) Round Table ( 1909) |
|
|
Name some pro-imperialist journalists? |
Leo Amery and Lord Beaverbrook |
|
|
Name an anti-imperialist |
John A Hobson - economist, author of Imperialism Herbert Spencer - influential philosopher Frederic Harrison - radical left-wing lawyer and historian |
|
|
Which welfare campaigner led to gov enquiry into Brit concentration camp conditions during Boer War? |
Emily Hobhouse |
|
|
After Boer War, how many Brit recruits had been found unfit for military service? |
40% |
|
|
How many Boers had held out against Brit forces for two and a half years? |
30,000 |
|
|
What were some measures taken to improve national efficiency? |
1902 Education Act, modernisation of Navy, Imperial College (1907), spate of Liberal social reforms (eg right to free medical treatment and pensions (1908)). |
|
|
Name an imperialist composer |
Edward Elgar |
|
|
Which Indian newspaper editor/founders were imprisoned for stirring up hostility? |
Shivram Paranjape (Kaal) and Bal Tilak (Kesari) |
|
|
Who was responsible for the assassination of District Magistrate, Arthur Jackson? |
The Abhinav Bharat (Young India) organisation |
|
|
Who was at the forefront of the swadeshi (self-sufficieny) campaign? |
Tilak |
|
|
Who was the Mad Mullah in Somaliland? |
Sayyid Hassan |
|
|
How many Dervish people were in Sayyid Hassan's forces? |
c20,000 |
|
|
What was Sayyid Hassan's aim? |
To halt Ethiopian, Italian and Brit gains in Somalia, with intention of 'driving all Christians into the sea'. |
|
|
To counter Hassan, who did Brit conduct joint military action with? |
Ethiopia's Emperor Menelik |
|
|
Where did Hassan's forces secure a hollow victory against Brit 'Camel Constabulary'? |
Battle of Dul Madoba (August 1931) |
|
|
Which Governor of Sierra Leone introduced the 'hut tax' and was also responsible for the 'scorched earth' approach? |
Colonel Cardew |
|
|
Who was Cardew's primary adversary and when did he surrender? |
Cheif Bai Bureh, November 1898 |
|
|
How many of Bureh's warriors did Cardew hang? |
96 |
|
|
Kitchener's conquest of the Sudan culminated in which battle? |
Battle of Omdurman |
|
|
The Madhist regime had seen a decline of how much in the Sudanese population? |
50% |
|
|
How many punitive expeditions were mounted on unruly Sudanese tribesman following the Madhists defeat? |
33 |
|
|
When did Port Sudan open? |
1906 |
|
|
Which 1911 scheme in the Sudan was set up to provide cotton for Brit's textile industry? |
Gezira Scheme |
|
|
When was gold discovered on the Transvaal's rand? |
1886 |
|
|
How had Transvaal extended it's control over Swaziland? |
Establishing independent rail network to Portugese port, Lourenco Marques |
|
|
Which Englishman was shot by Transvaal police in December 1898? |
Tom Edgar |
|
|
Where did Kruger refuse to grant voting rights to Uitlanders? |
Bloemfontein Conference (may-June 1899) |
|
|
By end of Boer War how many were living in concentration camps? |
115,000 |
|
|
How many Brits were killed in Boer war? |
22,000 |
|
|
How many Boers were killed in Boer war? |
6,000 |
