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6 Cards in this Set

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rural cemeteries
. From the perspective of mid 19th century, what was striking was the repititiy in which wood and pavement swallowed up the city. They saw sprawling, congested cities where suddenly there was wood and brick everywhere
What this meant that elegant folks, could not escape into public spaces if they wanted to conceal from their gaze evidence of poverty or class conflict or social chaos. A great pressure on elegant people to construct private spaces for that kind of sociability cuz public space was to unregulated n democratic
American city planners had been committed from 17th century to addressing this problem of bringing greenery into the city – this commitment of bringing nature into the city is reflected by the American habit by naming streets after trees. NY and Chicago aren’t the most obvious examples. William penn’s Philadelphia – the downtown map reads like a furniture catalogue. This naming pattern reflected a commitment to bringing nature into the city, which reflected a certain anxiety about urban life, a general faith of the regenerative powers of natural landscape<a medical/aesthetic idea. Being far from city life is somehow healthy.
The American municipal parks were an attempt to combine the trd of common w/ the trd of the park. But before Americans began designing the great municipal parks, there was one other venture in park building: cemeteries
• The first venture of trying to create these esigned, natural landscapes to address the ills of urban living came in the form of natural preserves at the city’s edges
They were precursors to the municipal parks
• The first was in Cambridge, massuchets, called Mt. Auburne. 70 acres of woodland. It was widely celebrated on its construction and opening as sumthing that would bring much needed relief to respected peeps. It became a model for rural cemeteries that dev at edges of almost all American cities during 1830s to 1860s.
. As more and more peeps died the primary fxn of the cemetery as site of burial became more obvious. People found it more difficult to ignore they were in a cemetery. At some point, picknicking becomes less practical n appealing
, Andrew Jackson downing (landscape architect, horticulturist), proposed publicly a 500 acre park for new york city. He was motivated primarily by his own discomfort by class difference, his own fear of class conflict, fears that had been fanned by class conflicts in Europe, he worried they would spread to us, the way to address this was to build a park. Fears of class conflict is important to why cities created parks
Central park
When the park was finished in 1863, it would cover 843 acres.
• You could say that it was a rxn against or critique of the commercialization of urban life. This is a bulwark against the encroachments of commerce. A restraint on the capacity of money and trade to take over everything. This was a simplification though – park advocates promoted the park as a real estate proposition. Removing a large area of space from urban markets to create parks doesn’t cripple real estate market. It’s impact on the areas surrounding the park can boost the valu
It would enhance the value of the local property. From 1856 to 1860s, before central park was designed, when it was mostly finished, the assessed land values along the periphery jumped over 60% in 4 years.
• 2nd great municipal park in America: san francisco’s golden gate.
Park building was a venture in both enhancement of financial value of urban property, yet also the attempt to conceal money from public view
• for many of the park’s advocates, parks were considered monumental architectural achievements that would bring glory to the city
• Central park was the model for most urban park construction – it had a grandeur – it’s been celebrated, as a symbol for parks in general, many well known works of art focus on central park as the setting
. It’s not a coincidence that central park was created when republican party came into being.
• A board of commissioners to oversee its design, indep from city gov. the first phase of central parks dev from 1857 to 1870 is when it’s in the hands of a park commission that’s indep of city gov. the first thing they decide: hold a park competition-the winning designer is Frederick law Olmsted and calvert vaux in 1858
Calvert vaux
• Nitty gritty architect. Got al the credit for thecentral park.
Frederick law Olmsted
father of modern urban landscape architecture.
• He drew on formal, landscape European parks as their model
banished all signs of urban acitivty, esp those of commerce. Even fire engines (powerful engine of urban life) they had to use sunken transverse roads (designed to conceal traffic). It was an oasis from the grid – made it look uncity like since there are no blocks crossing each other at right angles. Walkers n riders would move along the park along curved roads – park designers knew that American cities had committed themselves to these straight streets. Curved roads evoke country life.
• A park full of greenery was the lungs of the cit
You work really hard and you need relaxation and this will keep the poor from the temptations to do evil. It will bring classes around activities that are Christian n wholesome. It was a counter point to the anonymity of urban life. A park that would produe a different kind of sociability – those intentions, a place that would provide an alternative form of sociability
Seneca village
It started when a number of blak families purchased land in the 20s. this was manhattan’s first community of black property owners. By 40s the irish and german immigrants grew up there as wel.
• Would strike gentile white observers as this crazy place of race mixing. It was very different from 5 points. A stable, respectable community.
Olmstead conceived of the park in didactic terms, that would teach New Yorkers had to behave. When the park opened in 1859 it was a major attraction and drew some 7 million visitors a year, but it was a heavily elite park. Working class people came mostly on Sunday, and were underrepresented – expense of travel, lack of free time. This park was dominated by scenes of fancy carriage displays, signs to keep off the grass, all kinds of things weren’t allowed (indecent language, commerce, team sports, fast trotting, group picnics, school children could play ball but not as aprt of a competitive team, only w/ certifications of good conduct from principal, the use of the park was for the use of (prospective) ladies and gentlemen. Ice skating was a popular activity. Thousands went ice skating everyday during the appropriate city.
He had an elaborate design for this. He wanted to use native American trees. Sf peeps wanted no part in this. They wanted central park, so they decided to build a new york style under the instruction of William Hammond hall
William Hammond hall
Sf peeps wanted no part in this. They wanted central park, so they decided to build a new york style under the instruction of William Hammond hall
Parks quickly became fixtures of the American urban landscape. They became fundamental spaces of recreation n leisure.