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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
How many vertabrae and functions |
33 vertebrae
Functions Protect spinal cord Support weight of body Pivot point for head Rigid, flexible axis for body |
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VERTEBRAL COLUMN
curvatures |
Curvatures
Primary (kyophoses) Thoracic, sacral Secondary (lordoses) Cervical, lumbar **Primary- during embrionic deveolopment- thoracic and sacral Secondary- after birth- lordodic means bent backwards with respect to primary curvatures. |
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JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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Cartilaginous
Fibrocartilage Fibrous Vertebral ligaments Primarily collagen Synovial Articular cartilage Synovial membrane Fibrous capsule **Cartilaginous fibrocartilage found in vertabrae is symphasis Fibrous-(strong ligament)collogen |
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JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
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Synovial
Zygapophysial joints Superior and inferior articular facets of vertebral arches Shape and placement determine type of movement Plane (gliding) joint Stabilized by ligaments **Yoke- wooden bar to put across horses and cattle to get them to move with one another Synovial joint accessory ligaments attach to vertabrae to stabilize movement within the synovial joint. Zygapophysial joints are oriented differently throughout the vertabrae- Cervical-oriented at 45 degree angle to horizontal plane- most flexible of the zygopopheseal joints, lateral bending, fexion and extension, rotation of vertebral column- all possible at cervical level- structure of vertabrae and joints between vertebral bodies that contribute to the great amount of movement-frontal plane Thoracic- frontal or coronal plane –zygapophysial joints- allow primarily for a little bit of flexion and extension- very limited- rib limit movement of these joints. More in sagital plane |
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JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Cartilagenous |
Cartilaginous joints
Between vertebral bodies Intervertebral discs C2-C3 to L5-S1 Shock absorbers Anulus fibrosus – concentric lamellae of fibrocartilage Nucleus pulposus – gelatinous, elastic, avascular Water content decreases with age **Prevent vertebral bodies from banging against one another- contribute to maintaining the curvature of the spine- afford a little more range of motion than if they were just taught ligaments arranging vertebral body Anulus fibrosus- primarily fibrocartilage – Nucleus poposis- elastic tissue (gelatinous) no nerves or vasculature but tremendous amount of water content when you are born.(90% when born and then lose it as you age) |
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JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Herniated discs |
Herniated discs usually extend posterolaterally where anulus fibrosis is thin and on side of posterior longitudinal ligament
**Herniation of nucleus poposus into vertebral canal- often happens in the lumbar region (aging and weightbearing) other parts can get herniated but usually due to trauma. |
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JOINTS OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN
Fibrous |
Fibrous (vertebral ligaments)
Join vertebrae Vertebral body ligaments Anterior longitudinal ligament Posterior longitudinal ligament Vertebral arch ligaments Interspinous ligaments Intertransverse ligaments Ligamentum flava Supraspinous ligament Ligamentum nuchae |
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vertebral body ligaments
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Vertebral body ligaments
Anterior longitudinal ligament Occipital bone to sacrum Stability; prevents hyperextension of vertebral column Attaches to annulus fibrosus and periosteum Posterior longitudinal ligament C2 to sacrum Prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion IV discs |
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posterior longitudinal ligament of vertabrae
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Posterior longitudinal ligament
C2 to sacrum Prevents hyperflexion and posterior protrusion IV discs |
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Vertebral arch ligaments
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Vertebral arch ligaments
Interspinous Intertransverse Ligamentum flava – between lamina of adjacent arches Resists separation of lamina during flexion; preserve curvatures **Interspinalis ligaments run between the spinous processes. Ligamentum flava-Span lamina between adjacent vertebrae |
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Vertebral arch ligaments
Supraspinous Ligamentum nuchae |
Vertebral arch ligaments
Supraspinous – connects posterior tip of spinous processes Ligamentum nuchae Expansion of supraspinous ligament From external occipital protruberance and occipital bone to spine C7 Attachment site for muscles **Supraspinous-Extends down from sacrum and runs all the way up to the external occipital protuberance- connects tips of spinous processes esp. in lumbar and thoracic region From C-7 to ext. occipital protuberance, doesn’t go down to the spinous process but has an extension that goes down (nuchal ligament) Nuche-nape of neck. Attachement site for some muscles in the back (nuchal ligament) |
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Craniovertabral Joints-
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Atlanto-occipital and atlanto-axial joints
Synovial, no IV discs; wide range of movements Atlanto-occipital joint Occipital condyles and lateral masses of atlas Flexion, extension Condyloid synovial **Nodding yes joint-atlanto-occipital joint |
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Atlanto-occipital joint
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Atlanto-occipital joint
Occipital condyles and lateral masses of atlas Flexion, extension Condyloid synovial Atlanto-axial joint 2 lateral articulations Between inferior facet C1 and superior facet C2 1 median articulation Dens of C2 and anterior arch C1 Rotation of head; pivot joint |
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Uncovertebral joints
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Uncinate process on lateral, superior vertebral bodies from C3-C7 to vertebral body on vertebra above
**If this gets inflamed you get a growth of bone (bone spur aka. “Osteophytes”) |
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spinal cord
how many nerves where they exit |
31 spinal nerves
Cervical spinal nerves exit superior to vertebra of same number C8 exits inferior to C7 vertebra All others exit inferior to vertebra of same number |
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spinal cord
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Extends from the foramen magnum to L2
Cervical enlargement (C5-T1) Level of brachial plexus Lumbar enlargement (L4-S3) Level of lumbosacral plexus |
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Conus medullaris – caudal tip of spinal cord (L2)
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spinal cord
Conus medullaris – caudal tip of spinal cord (L2) Termination of the spinal cord itself = conus medularis |
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spinal cord
Cauda equina – |
Cauda equina – spinal nerve roots coursing inferiorly to exit appropriate level
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positional changes of spinal cord
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Disparate growth between spinal cord and vertebral column results in spinal cord “ascending” within vertebral canal
At 3 months – coccygeal levels At 5 months – S1 At birth – L3 Adult – L1-2 **Embrionic development to adulthood 3-months of embrionic development- spinal column is as long as the spinal cord 5-month (embrionic development)- conus mendularis at tip of S-1 |
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spinal cord meninges
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Extend from foramen magnum to coccyx
Dura mater Arachnoid mater Pia mater Forms filum terminale Denticulate ligaments – attach to dura between spinal nerve roots |
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spinal cord meninges-
epidural space subarachnoid space |
Epidural space
Fat-filled space between dura and bony vertebra Subarachnoid space Between arachnoid and pia; contains CSF Trabeculae connect arachnoid to pia Lumbar cistern -- L2-S2 CSF pool |
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pia mater
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spinal cord-meninges
Pia mater Denticulate ligaments – attach to dura between spinal nerve roots **Where little bits of pia attach (prong) to dura mater- help support the spinal chord within the subarachnoid space |
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conus medularis
dural sac filum terminale |
spinal cord meninges
Conus medullaris ends L2 Dural sac ends S2 Filum terminale ends C1 Extension of pia mater |
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spinal cord blood supply
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From vertebral, posterior intercostal, and lumbar arteries – give off spinal branches
3 longitudinal branches 1 anterior spinal artery 2 posterior spinal arteries |
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back muscles
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Extrinsic back muscles
Superficial Intermediate Intrinsic back muscles Superficial Intermediate Deep |
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Serratus posterior superior
Serratus posterior inferior |
Serratus posterior superior
Ligamentum nuchae, spinous processes C7-T3 to superior border ribs 2-4 Intercostal nerves (T2-5), posterior intercostal arteries Elevate ribs, assist respiration Serratus posterior inferior T11-L2 spinous processes to inferior border ribs 8-12 Intercostal nerves (T9-12), posterior intercostal arteries Depress ribs 8-12; assist respiration |
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Back muscles-intrinsic
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Splenius (superficial)
Sacrospinalis (erector spinae) (intermediate) Transversospinalis (deep) Maintain posture and control movements of vertebral column All innervated by dorsal rami Arterial supply via vertebral, posterior intercostal, and lumbar arteries |
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back muscles-intrinsic superficial
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Splenius capitis and splenius cervicis
Common origin: SP C7-T4 and ligamentum nuchae S. capitis inserts mastoid process and superior nuchal line S. cervicis inserts transverse processes C1-C4 Ispilateral: lateral flex head/neck and rotate head same side Bilateral: extend head/neck |
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erector spinae
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3 muscles: iliocostalis, lumborum, spinalis
Origin: Posterior iliac crest, sacrum, lumbar spines, supraspinous ligament Insertions vary Secondary regional names: capitis, cervicis, thoracis, lumborum Ipsilateral: laterally flex VC Bilateral: extend vertebral column and head |
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Iliocostalis
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Iliocostalis
Inserts into angle of ribs and cervical TP |
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longissimus
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Longissimus
Inserts into TP of cervical and thoracic vertebrae, mastoid process Fibers course between tubercles and angles of ribs |
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spinalis
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Spinalis
Inserts into cervical and thoracic spines |
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transversospinalis
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3 muscles: semispinalis, multifidus, rotatores
Secondary names like erector spinae Strap-like muscles that span 1-6 vertebral segments Upside down muscles – origin distal and insertion proximal |
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Semispinalis cervicis and capitis
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Semispinalis cervicis and capitis
Slips span 4-6 vertebral segments Origin: C3-T5 TP Insert: C2-T4 SP (cervicis), nuchal lines Extend head/neck; contralateral rotation **Any upside down muscle it will rotate the head to the opposite direction than the side of the body on which it’s on. |
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multifidus
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Multifidus
Lumbar only Slips span 2-4 vertebral segments Origin: L1-S1 TP, sacrum Insert: T12-L5 SP Stabilizes vertebral column |
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rotatores
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Rotatores
Thoracic best developed Slips span 1-2 vertebral segments Origin: T1-T12 TP Insert: C7-T11 SP Assist rotation **Several of them Assist in contralateral rotation |
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Levator costorum
Intertransversarii Interspinales |
Levator costorum
C7-T11 TP to rib below Elevate ribs Intertransversarii Between transverse processes Lateral flexion ipsilateral, stabilization bilateral Interspinales Between spinous processses Assist rotation and extension |
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sub-occipital muscles
4 muscles- 1 nerve- 1 artery Upper part of neck Deep to everything |
Rectus capitis posterior major
Rectus capitis posterior minor Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Mainly postural muscles – many proprioceptors All innervated by suboccipital nerve (C1) and supplied by vertebral and occipital arteries |
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Rectus capitis posterior major
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Rectus capitis posterior major
C2 spinous process to lateral inferior nuchal line Unilateral: rotates head to same side Bilateral: extends head **Not upside down- so muscle goes to same side as it’s on |
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Rectus capitis posterior minor
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Rectus capitis posterior minor
Posterior tubercle C1 to inferior nuchal line Ipsilateral: rotates head to same side Bilateral: extends head |
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Obliquus capitis superior
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Obliquus capitis superior
C1 transverse process to between nuchal lines (upside down) Ipsilateral: laterally flexes head same side, Contralateral rotation Bilateral: extends head |
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Obliquus capitis inferior
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Obliquus capitis inferior
C2 spinous process to C1 transverse process Ipsilateral rotation |
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suboccipital triangle
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Borders:
Rectus capitis posterior major Obliquus capitis superior Obliquus capitis inferior Contents: Vertebral artery and suboccipital nerve (C1) |
