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129 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is a person's average stroke volume?
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70 ml
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Which layer over the heart is the most superficial?
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(Epicardium)
The visceral pericardium, the outside connective tissue layer |
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How does myoglobin play a role in the heart muscle?
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When the muscle is damaged, myoglobin is released and can be detected.
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What is perfusion?
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The amount of blood flowing through a tissue
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How is cardiac output measured?
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Stroke volume * Heart Rate
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Blood flows from the pulmonary veins into the _______________.
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Left Atrium
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What valve does blood pass through after the left ventricle?
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Aortic Valve
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What's another name for the tricuspid valve?
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Right Atrio-ventricular Valve
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What valve does blood pass through after the right ventricle?
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Pulmonary Valve
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Where does blood flow after the pulmonary veins?
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Left Atrium
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What is the rounded opening between right and left atria in fetal hearts?
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Foramen Ovale
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What's another name for a baby w/ a "hole in it's heart" and what is the defect?
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Atrial Septal Defect, hole tetween atria is too big
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What is a ductus arteriosus?
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Connection between pulmony artery and aorta, found in fetuses
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What is a ligamentum arteriosum?
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Reminants of the ductus arteriosus, which connected the aorta and pulmonary artery as a fetus
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What color is the blood in the umbilical vein?
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Red
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Where does the umbilical vein run to and from?
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Placenta to baby
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How many umbilical veins and arteries are there?
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1 vein, 2 arteries
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What is atherosclerosis?
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Soft fatty plaque development in artery wall, slow/stops flow
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What is coronary circulation?
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Blood flow to myocardium
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What is the purpose of a stent?
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Uncoils in a blood vessel to keep it propped open and allow blood to flow
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During ventricular contraction, is systolic BP measured or diastolic?
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Systolic
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Where are the two locations that BP can be taken?
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1. Brachial Artery
2. Femoral Artery |
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When determining hypertension, what is more important, systolic BP or diastolic? What must that number be to conclude hypertension?
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Diastolic - >90
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How many times must someone's BP be measured before determining whether or not they are hypertensive?
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3 Times
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What is an aneurysm?
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Abnormal widening or ballooning of part of a blood vessel due to weak vessel and sometimes high BP
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Other than your heart, what organ often becomes damaged in people with hypertension?
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Kidneys - Urine may have blood
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What is a normal BP for a person of 85 years?
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140/85
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What do betablockers do?
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Allows vasodilation, good for hypertension
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Hypotension can cause failure and damage in what 3 organs?
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Brain, kidney, and liver
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How can the Rh factor of a mom give the second child "bad blood"?
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Rh (-) mom bears Rh (+) child. As a result she produces Rh (+) antibodies which lyses Rh (+) blood of next baby.
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What is the medical name for "bad blood?" (2 names)
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Hemolytic Disease of Newborn, or "Erythroblastosis fetalis"
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What are the 3 forms of granulocytes?
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1. Neutrophils
2. Eosinophils 3. Basophils |
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What are the 2 forms of agranulocytes?
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1. Monocytes
2. Lymphocytes |
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What (granulocyte) is the most abundant in a healthy person? How does it play a role in immunity?
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Neutrophils - they kill bacteria by phagocytosis
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What (granulocyte) destroys parasites? How does it do it?
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Eosinophils - They destroy antigen and antibody complexes
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What (granulocyte) secretes heparin and histamine?
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Basophil
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What (agranulocyte) destroys by phagocytosis?
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Monocytes
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What (agranulocyte) is considered the body's "bomb" defense?
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Lymphocytes
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What are the two types of lymphocytes?
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B-cells and T-cells
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What type of cells are plasma cells, and what do they do?
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B-cells, produce antibodies
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Which cells, upon exposure to antigens, stimulate intermediate antibody responses?
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Memory Cells
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What kind of cells are memory cells?
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B-cells, Lymphocytes, Agranulocytes
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What do T-helper cells do? What kind of cells are they?
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Stimulate proliferation, Lymphocytes
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What type of molecule is an antibody? How does an antibody work?
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Protein, Works as a missle by searching out tagged bacteria
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Which types of white blood cells are comparable to "bouncers at the door" in their defense?
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Monocytes and neutrophils
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What does heparin do?
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Anticoagulant, secretes histamine
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What does histamine do?
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Allows vasodilation
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What cells does the HIV virus reside in?
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T helper cells
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What does the term "hemostasis" refer to?
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Stopping bleeding
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What is the first step in the clotting process?
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Vascular spasm (smooth muscle and artery or vein start to contract)
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Name the three steps in the clotting process.
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1. Vascular Spasm
2. Platelet plug forms 3. Coagulation |
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In the clotting process, what specifically happens when the platelet plug forms?
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Platelets stick to elastic and collagen fibers
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What are thrombocytes?
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Platelets
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The production of what is key to coagulation?
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Fibrin
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What traps red blood cells to form clots and scabs?
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Fibrin
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Where is fibrinogen produced?
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Liver
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What is the purpose of fibrinogen?
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To convert into fibrin when needed
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When and only when is thrombin present?
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When platelets are exposed to damaged tissue
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What is the condition where people cannot properly coagulate their own blood?
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Hemophilia
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What is a thrombus?
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Stationary blood clot
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What is an embolus?
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Free floating blood clot
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Define pulmonary embolism
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Blood clot forms and travels to pulmonary artery and gets stuck (death)
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What are 3 ways of fixing an intrinsic clot?
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1. Fibrinolysis
2. Anticoagulants 3. Injecting large amounts of plasmin |
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Plasmin is a ____________ that can digest clots
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Enzyme
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What cells secrete plasminogen factor and what is the effect?
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Endothelial cells - converts to plasmin
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What is the class of medication that prevents fibrin from forming?
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Anticoagulants
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How does a vaccine prepare a person's body for exposure to a certain virus?
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Exposed body to attenuated virus (weakened), makes memory and plasma cells
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What part of the brain does the vagus nerve stem from?
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Medulla Oblongata
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Saying that the heart is myogenic means what?
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That it has its own rhythm and pumps on its own
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What is bradycardia?
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Low heart rate
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What is trachycardia?
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High heart rate
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Does heart rate increase or decrease with age?
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Decrease
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What is the heart's order of impulse?
purkinje fibers, atrioventricular node, cardiac muscle cells stimulated, sinoatrial node, bundle branches |
SA node, AV node, Bundle branches, Purkinje fibers, cardiac muscle cells stimulated
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On an ECG, the P-wave represents what?
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Atrial depolarization
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On an ECG, the T-wave represents what?
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Ventricular repolarization
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On an ECG, the QRS complex represents what?
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Ventricular depolarization
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What is the normal pH of blood?
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7.35-7.45
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What is the normal temp of blood?
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100.4 F
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How many L of blood does an avg person have?
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4-6 L
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55% of blood is made up of what?
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Plasma
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Albumins, Globulins, Fibrinogens, and Clotting Factors are all what?
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Plasma Proteins
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What is the function of LDL's
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Transport cholesterol
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What is the function of HDL's?
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Remove excess cholesterol from arteries
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Where are the formed elements of RBC's created?
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Red bone marrow
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A lack of iron will result in a lack of __________ and _____.
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Oxygen and ATP
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Erythropoietin is a hormone produced by the ____________, and stimulates ___________.
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Kidneys, production of RBC's
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People with emphysema have more or less RBC's than an average person?
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More
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Components of the cardiovascular system
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A closed system of the heart (pumps blood) and blood vessels (allow blood to circulate)
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Functions of the cardiovascular system
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To deliver oxygen and nutrients to cells and tissues
To remove carbon dioxide and other waste products from cells and tissues |
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Orientation of the heart
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Pointed apex directed toward left hip, base points toward right shoulder
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Myocardium
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Middle layer, "skeleton of the heart", mostly cardiac muscle, transmits APs
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Endocardium
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Inner layer, continuous with the epithelium of blood vessels
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Septa
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Prevents blood from mixing between the right and left pump
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Interventricular septum
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Separates the two ventricles
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Systematic Circulation
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Blood flows from the left side of the heart through the body tissues and back to the right side of the heart
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Pulmonary Circulation
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Blood flows from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart
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Function of valves
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Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent back flow
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Atrioventricular valves (AV)
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Between atria and ventricles, bicuspid valve and tricuspid valve, anchored in place by chordae tendinea. They open during heart relaxation and close during ventricular contraction which prevents blood from backwards into atria
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Semilunar valves
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Between ventricle and artery. Pulmonary and Aortic semilunar valves. Closed during heart relaxation but open during ventricle contraction to prevent blood from falling back to ventricles
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Arteries
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Blood vessels that are taking away from the heart
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Aorta
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Artery that leaves the left ventricle
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Pulmonary artery
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Leave the right ventricle, the pulmonary trunk splits into the right and left pulmonary arteries
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Veins
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Blood vessels carrying blood back to the heart
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Superior vena cava
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Enters right atrium, drains blood from top of body to the heart
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Inferior vena cava
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Enters right atrium, drains blood from bottom of body
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Pulmonary veins
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Enter left atrium, carries blood from the lungs to the heart
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Coronary arteries
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Branch from the aorta to supply the heart muscle with oxygenated blood
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Cardiac veins
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Drain the myocardium of blood
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Coronary sinus
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A large vein on the posterior of the heart, receives blood from cardiac veins
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Cardiac Circulation
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Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the myocardium, the heart has its own nourishing circulatory system (coronary arteries, cardiac veins, coronary sinuses). Blood empties into the right atrium via the coronary sinus
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Intristic conduction system
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Heart muscle cells contract without action potentials in a regular continuous way
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Sinoatrial Node
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SA node, the "pacemaker" of the heart. Found in the wall of the right atrium
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Atrioventricular node
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AV node, Is found at the junction of the atria and ventricles
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Atrioventricular bundle
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Is in the interventricular septum
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Cardiac output
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Amount of blood pumped by either side (ventricle) of the heart in one minute
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Stroke volume
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Volume of blood pumped by each ventricle in one heart beat, this usually remains constant. About 70ml of blood is pumped out of the left ventricle with each heart beat
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Cardiac output formula
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Heart rate x stroke volume
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Starling's law of the heart
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The more the cardiac muscle is stretched, the stronger the contraction
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Increased heart rate is regulated by what?
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The sympathetic nervous system, during a fight or flight response
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Hormones that regulate the heart rate
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Epinepherine and Thyroxine
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Decreased heart rate is controlled by what?
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Parasympathetic nervous system
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Capillary bed's function
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Location of exchanges between tissues and blood
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Three layers of a blood vessel
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Tunica intima, tunica media, tunica externa
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Tunica intima
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Endothelium, very thin and smooth tissue
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Tunica media
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Smooth muscle controlled by the sympathetic nervous system, allows blood vessels to change in diameter
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Tunica externa
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Mostly fibrous connective tissue, serves as a protective layer
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Artery structural composition
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Arteries have thick tunica media to deal with the blood pressure they endure. Often change diameter with vasoconstriction or dilation depending on the demand for blood in a certain area.
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Capillary structural composition
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Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima) to allow for exchanges between blood and tissues
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Vein structural composition
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Has a thinner tunica media then arteries, they contain valves to prevent backflow of blood.
Lumen in veins are larger then arteries. Large lumen and stretchy walls act as blood reservoirs. Veins have relatively thin walls. They have very low blood pressure |
