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87 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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external features |
- large abdominal cavity, but short flank |
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functions of abdominal wall
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1. closes gaps in abdominal bony skeleton and retains abdominal viscera
2. contraction of muscles ("abdominal press") aids: a. larynx closed: defecation, micturition, parturition b. larynx open: breathing, coughing, sneezing |
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skin
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more delicate than ox |
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cutaneous m
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- well developed in superficial fascia, especially cranio-ventrally (ventral line from withers to stifle)
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deep fascia
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- deep fascia becomes yellow abdominal tunic (tunica flava abdominus) |
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abdominal mm
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1. EAO: extensive
2. IAO: no lumbodorsal attachment therefore fans out from tuber coxae 3. transverse abdominal 4. rectus abdominus: provides insertion for other abs by means of linea alba that separates R and L |
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linea alba
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- strong and supportive
- relatively avascular -incision not common in large animals due to heavy abdominal viscera |
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rectus sheath
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- transverse abdominal m passes dorsal of the rectus abdominus m to insert on the linea alba |
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inguinal canal
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- inguinal canal generally similar in all mammals |
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deep inguinal ring
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- deep inguinal ring is small
- cr: fleshy ca border of IAO - ca: line of the tendon of EAO - medially: lat edge of rectus abdominus m |
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superficial (external) inguinal ring
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superficial (external) inguinal ring:
- slit in aponeurosis of EAO - divides into lat and med crura of aponeurosis - medial commisures of both rings very close - lat: inguinal ligament - med: aponeurosis of EAO |
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Inguinal canal
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inguinal canal:
- lateral commisures of superficial inguinal ring diverge considerably, making craniolateral part of the canal longer that the caudomedial part |
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femoral lamina |
femoral lamina: |
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inguinal hernia
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inguinal hernia:
- maximal extension of the hip joint, puts a considerable amount of pull on the lateral crus of the inguinal canal - abdominal viscera through vaginal ring into the cavity of the vaginal process - predisposes stallions to inguinal hernia during mating when the HL slips - uncommon in horse but more likely on L |
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contents of inguinal canal
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contents of inguinal canal:
1. vaginal process: opens into the peritoneal cavity (diverticulum) through the vaginal ring 2. spermatic cord: in cavity of vaginal process/ vaginal tunic 3. external pudendal a and v 4. inguinal lymph vessels and nerves: both sexes |
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vaginal ring palpation
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vaginal ring palpation:
- per rectum on ventromedial aspect of caudal abdominal wall by following the ductus deferens ventrally |
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stomach gen |
stomach: |
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stomach location
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stomach:
1. cranial/ parietal surface: contacts diaphragm and L liver lobe 2. caudal/ visceral surface: related to SI, pancreas, d. colon - no contact with abdominal floor (ventral ab wall), even when full |
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angular notch of stomach
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angular notch:
- flexed, deep - esophageal and duodenal openings very close |
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saccus cecus
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saccus cecus:
- blind sac (of stomach) above esophagus |
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margo plicatus
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margo plicatus:
- divides distal glandular mucosa from proximal non- glandular, abrasive mucosa - Gastrophilus intestinalis larvae |
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cardiac sphincter
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cardiac sphincter:
- esophagus enters lesser curvature obliquely - very thick, tight, effective - reason horse doesn't eructate or vomit - NG tube to reflate gas |
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pyloric sphincters
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pyloric sphincters:
- cranial/ caudal - well developed, especially caudal (more muscular) guarding the narrow pyloric exit |
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omenta
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omenta:
- greater and lesser - both along with the visceral surface of the stomach, enclose the omental bursa - similar to dog |
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greater omentum
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greater omentum:
1. gastrophrenic ligament: from greater curvature to crura of diaphragm 2. gastrosplenic ligament: from stomach to spleen |
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duodenum
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duodenum:
- only fixed part of SI: by mesoduodenum to dorsal wall, liver, right dorsal colon and base of the cecum |
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parts of duodenum
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parts of duodenum:
1. cr: sigmoid flexure 2. descending: related to right kidney and passes around the base of the cecum 3. caudal flexure: transverse duodenum 4. ascending |
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duodenal papillae
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duodenal papillae:
- major and minor - bile and pancreatic ducts opening into the second curve of the sigmoid part, opposite each other |
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path of the duodenum
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duodenum:
- passes to the midline and turns cranially to become the ascending duodenum - reaches the region of the L kidney and becomes the jejunum (at duodenojejunal flexure) |
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jejunoileum
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jejunoileum:
- loose coils, mostly on the L dorsal part of the abdominal cavity - mixed with coils of small colon - loops of SI palpable in the dorso-caudal aspect of the abdominal cavity |
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epiploic foramen
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epiploic foramen:
- between: 1. right lobe of liver and d duodenum 2. caudal vena cava and portal v - loops of jejunum can get strangulated - as ages, duodenum puts P on R liver, shrinking it and enlarging the foramen |
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LI
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LI:
- basic pattern with modified ascending colon 1. haustra: sacculations 2. taeniae coli: longitudinal bands - haustra and taenia coli not found in dog or ox |
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cecum
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cecum:
- large: up to 30 L - comma-shaped, 4 taenia coli - extends from pelvic inlet to diaphragmatic area (xiphoid) - ileocecal and cecocolic opening close to one another at base - |
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base of the cecum
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base of the cecum:
- dorsal, large, curves over - attached to the R sublumbar region and R kidney - right of midline - can rectally palpate |
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body of the cecum
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body of the cecum:
- ventrally over R flank - lies on ventral wall, curves cranio-medially to reach the xiphoid region of the sternum - cecocolic fold attaches the body to the RVC |
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apex of the cecum
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apex of the cecum:
- narrow - on ventral wall between RVC and LVC - |
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ascending colon
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ascending colon= large colon:
- abdominal cavity too short for its length, so flexes upon itself |
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RVC
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RVC:
- begins at cecocolic jxn: base of last rib - runs ventrally and cranially on right body wall and abdominal floor to the xiphoid - 4 TC - cecocolic fold: attaches RVC to dorsal body wall |
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sternal flexure
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sternal flexure:
- point at which RVC turns on itself and moves to the left, becoming the LVC |
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LVC
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LVC:
- runs caudally on abdominal floor, L of the body and apex of the cecum - at pelvic inlet it moves dorsally, narrrows and flexes upon itself: pelvic flexure - 4 TC - palpable per rectum |
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pelvic flexure
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pelvic flexure:
- at pelvic inlet LVC moves dorsally, narrrows and flexes upon itself - rather mobile, but in pelvic inlet region |
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LDC
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LDC:
- considerably narrow initially at pelvic flexure 1. runs cranially over LVC 2. relates to the diaphragm and L of the liver cranially 3. turns right at diaphragmatic flexure to run into the RDC - one TC at pelvic flexure - palpable per rectum |
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diaphragmatic flexure
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diaphragmatic flexure:
- where LDC turns right to become the RDC |
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RDC
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RDC:
- mostly within thoracic cage - shortest but widest 1. lies over the RVC on its caudal course 2. at base of cecum it turns left, close to the stomach and liver 3. becomes transverse colon - 3 TC |
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transverse colon
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transverse colon:
- very short, crosses median plane - funnel shaped - cranial to root of mesentery - attached to roof of body cavity - 2 TC |
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descending colon
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descending colon: small colon:
- continuation of t colon at level below L kidney - loose coils mingling with those of the SI on the L dorsal part of the abdominal cvity and pelvic inlet region - small caliber - 2 TC - fecal balls, easily palpable per rectum |
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intestine attached to body wall
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intestine attached to body wall:
1. base of cecum: dorsal 2. transverse colon - stable |
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common sites of infarction
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common sites of infarction:
1. pelvic flexure 2. t colon 3. ileocecal opening 4. cecocolic opening 5. sternal flexure 6. diaphragmatic flexure |
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rectum
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rectum :
- continuation of small colon at pelvic inlet - long mesorectum initially - initially: sacculated - terminally: enlarged sac, ampulla - in median plane dorsal to uterus, urinary bladder, urethra and accesory sex glands - ends in anus |
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ampulla of rectum
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ampulla of rectum:
- enlarged, terminal sac - retroperitoneal |
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duodenocecostomy
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duodenocecostomy:
- solution to gastro-duodeno-jejunitis: SI unable to absorb food so backs up into stomach - side to side anastamosis of d dudoenum to base of the cecum |
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long great mesentery
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long great mesentery:
- parts of a colon are free-floating 1. permits intestinal extension during sx 2. can cause volvulus: twisting of loops of intestine |
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ileum |
ileum:
- common site of impaction - reasons not well understood |
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ileo-cecal opening
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ileo-cecal opening:
- site of impaction - abnormally high peristalsis can cause ileum to telescope into the cecum= intussusception |
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ceco-colic opening
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ceco-colic opening:
- common site of impaction - enlarged cr part of base of cecum falls over cranioventrally, blocking the cecocolic orifice - trocarization necessary |
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transverse colon
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transverse colon:
- common site of impaction - funnel-shaped, short |
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sand and the cecum
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- cecum can become sand-bound:
sand resides in cecum causing impaction |
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large colon
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large colon:
- site of impaction - poorly attached to the body wall - secured only at cecal base and transverse colon - rest freely movable and suspectible to twisting= volvulus |
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spleen gen
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spleen: on L
- attached to greater curvature of stomach - obliquely situated in thoracic cage, only caudo-dorsal part projects beyond the rib cage: distal tip around ventral 1/3 of 6th or 7th rib - cranial concave and caudal convex - related to the d colon and loops of SI caudally |
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ligaments of spleen
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ligaments of spleen:
1. gastrosplenic: attaches to greater curvature 2. phrenicosplenic: attaches to diaphragm 3. lienorenal (renosplenic): attaches to L kidney, dorsal border may entrap loops of colon |
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liver location
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liver location:
- asymmetrical, mostly R of median place - R lobe atrophies with age/ P of RDC - cranial part: lower 6th or 7th rib - caudal and dorsal parts: level of 16th and 17th ribs, ventral to R kidney - ventral part: doesn't reach abdominal floor at 7th or 8th rib |
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bile or hepatic duct
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bile or hepatic duct:
- wide lumen - opens along with major pancreatic duct into the hepaticopancreatic ampulla (major duodenal papilla) of the distal and convex part of the duodenal sigmoid flexure - oblique passage acts as a valve |
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lobation of liver
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lobation of liver:
- L (thinnest), quadrate, R and caudate (only caudate process) - fissures not prominent but present between L and quad, quad and R - no papillary process |
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round ligament of liver
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round (teres) ligament of liver:
- strong and well formed - may be divided to reinforce closure of a midventral incision |
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impressions of liver
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impression of liver:
visceral surface 1. stomach 2. duodenal 3. colic - related to pancreas dorsally 4. esophageal: dorsal part of L 5. renal: dorsal caudate process - ca vena cava passes through craniodorsal surface on the median plane of liver |
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pancreas gen
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pancreas:
- mostly R, sublumbar - body, R and L lobes - sigmoid flexure of d duodenum holds in place - related to saccus cecus of stomach (L lobe), R kidney ( R lobe), aorta, ca vena cava and sublumbar mm dorsally - hepatic portal v runs through |
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pancreatic ducts
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pancreatic ducts:
1. major: opens with the bile duct into maj duodenal papilla (hepaticopancreatic ampulla) 2. accessory: opens into concave surface of ca limb of the duodenal sigmoid flexure through the minor duodenal papilla |
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celiac a
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celiac a:
1. stomach 2. liver 3. spleen 4. duodenum: via gastro-duodenal a |
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cr mesenteric a
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cr mesenteric a:
1. SI 2. LI: cecum, colon |
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ca mesenteric a
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ca mesenteric a:
1. d colon 2. rectum |
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jejunal aa
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jejunal aa:
- branches of cr. mesenteric - up to 18 radiate distally within the mesentery, supplying loops or arches of aa to the jejunum - shorter branches go to the gut - jejunum not well anastamosed so if one vasa recta is blocked, portion dies |
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anastomoses gut
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anastomoses of gut:
- network - very evident among large aa - advantageous in event of blockage - not always complete between smaller aa: blockage more serious |
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Strongylus and large aa
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-large aa ( celiac, cr and ca mesenteric and major branches) sites of lesions caused by migrating larvae
- nematodes Strongylus vulgaris and edentatus cause nodes in arterial walls that may cause aneurysms = verminous arteritis - vv are satellites of aa |
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celiac trunk
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celiac trunk:
- formed by nodes of the organs and areas supplied by the celiac a - empties into cisterna chyli |
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intestinal trunk
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intestinal trunk:
formed by nodes of small intestine (situated at root of mesentery), cecum and colon |
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lumbar trunk
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lumbar trunk:
- efferents sent from nodes of small colon, rectum and anus - tributaries of cisterna chyli |
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cisterna chyli
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cisterna chyli-->
aortic hiatus --> thoracic duct (runs L of aorta) --> opens into large vv at thoracic inlet |
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R kidney
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R kidney:
- heart-shaped, flattened - transverse diameter > or = longitudinal diameter (unique among domestic animals) - cr pole makes renal impression on caudate process of liver - retroperitoneal: only ventral surface covered by peritoneum |
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location of R kidney
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location of R kidney:
- largely covered by ribs: located ventral to last 2 or 3 ribs and 1st lumbar transverse process (T16-L1) - cranial: L - ventral: d duodenum, pancreas, base of cecum, coils of small colon and SI - medial: R adrenal gland, aorta |
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L kidney
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L kidney:
- retroperitoneal but less than R - flattened, bean-shaped - hilus ventromedial - caudal pole may be rectally palpated |
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L kidney location
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L kidney location:
- ventral to T17 and L2, more ca than L - cranial: spleen and stomach - ventral: small colon, SI coils - medial: aorta |
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kidney gen
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kidneys:
- evidence of lobation only shown by blood vessels 1. unipyramidal: fused pyramids form a ridge= common renal crest 2. renal pelvis: central expanded potion and two polar terminal recesses that collect urine 3. renal sinus: medial indentatio surrounding the hillus, contains fat |
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urine
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urine:
- mucous glands in renal pelvis and ureters - cloudy, viscous urine - physiological albuminuria |
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ureters:
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ureters:
- first move caudally - narrow on leaving the kidneys - follow abdominal roof towards pelvis - mare: lateral part of broad ligament - stallion: lateral part of genital fold, ventral to ductus deferens - descend toward the urinary bladder |
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renal a
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renal a:
- arises from aorta - relatively large - may break into 2 or more branches which penetrate the ventral surface, NOT hilus |
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renal v
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renal v:
- large - satellite of renal a - direct tributary of the ca vena cava |
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adrenal glands
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adrenal glands:
- medial aspect of cranial pole of kidneys |
