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32 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Negative pressure breathing |
Air is pulled into the lungs Seen in humans and other mammals |
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Anatomy of negative pressure inhalation |
Ribs move out and up to expand the thoracic cavity Diaphragm contracts |
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Tidal volume |
Volume of air inhaled and exhaled with each breath |
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Normal tidal volume in humans |
~500mL in resting humans |
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Vital capacity |
Tidal volume during maximal inhalation and exhalation Usually based on ribcage size/expansion |
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Normal vital capacity in humans |
3.4L and 4.8L for young women and men |
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Regulation of breathing |
Rising CO2 level in tissues lowers blood pH Medulla detects decrease in pH of cerebral spinal fluid CO2 level decreases |
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Respiratory pigments |
Transport oxygen in circulatory fluid Usually a protein bound to a metal |
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Hemoglobin |
In most vertebrates 4 subunites Heme in each subunit Oxygen binds to each heme |
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Hemocyanin |
In arthropods and molluscs Copper at oxygen-binding site |
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Important features of O2 binding to hemoglobin |
Cooperativity Reversibility |
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Cooperativity |
When 1 subunit loads O2 the other subunits change shape to increase their affinity for O2 |
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Affinity |
Tightness of binding |
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Why there is less O2 on hemoglobin in tissues |
O2 enters tissues |
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Low pH and affinity |
Decreases affinity of hemoglobin for O2 |
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Bohr shift |
Shifts graph to the right because of decreased affinity |
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pH with carbonic acid |
Think low pH |
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When CO2 levels rise |
Hemoglobin releases more O2 |
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Hemoglobin in fetus vs adult |
Leftward shift, increased affinity Fetus needs oxygen from uterus, not atmosphere Hemoglobin becomes normal after 6 months of age |
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CO2 transport in body tissue |
Most CO2 taken into RBCs
Some CO2 binds to hemoglobin in RBCs, most is converted to bicarbonate
H+ binds to hemoglobin to prevent changing the blood pH
HCO3 diffuses into the plasma and is carried to the lungs |
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CO2 transport at lungs |
HCO3 diffuses from plasma into RBCs combining with H+ released from hemoglobin
Carbonic acid is reformed and converted to CO2
CO2 loaded onto hemoglobin released
CO2 diffuses from RBCs into the plasma and into alveolar space |
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Respiratory adaptations of diving mammals |
Have high blood to body volume ration Can stockpile O2 in blood Conserve O2 during a dive Have high abundance of myoglobin proteins |
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How diving mammals conserve O2 during a dive |
Glide more than swim Heart rate decreases Blood flow to muscles is restricted |
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Myoglobin |
Located in muscle tissue In most mammals Has 1 heme Binds oxygen more tightly than hemoglobin |
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Osmoregulation |
Active control of solute concentration and cellular water content |
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Osmolarity |
Measure of solute concentration (mOsm/L) |
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Excretion |
Process that eliminates nitrogenous metabolites and other metabolic waste products |
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Ways animals maintain water balance |
Osmoconformer Osmoregulator |
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Osmoconformer |
Isoosmotic with external environment Most marine invertebrates |
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Osmoregulator |
Control osmolarity independent of external environment Typically live in freshwater or on land |
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Marine vertebrates during osmoregulation |
Drink large amounts of sea water Excrete small amount of concentrated urine |
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Cells in gills |
Chloride cells Chloride leaves and sodium follows |
