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24 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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On which pathways does the maintenance of euthymia depend?
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Cortical-limbic; Cortical-striatal
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What structures comprise the dorsal compartment of the limbic system? Functions?
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Dorsal anterior cingulate
Inferior parietal cortex Striatum (caudate, putamen, nucleus accumbens) Roles: attention, cognition, psychomotor |
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Calories in:
carbs proteins fats |
4 kcal/g
4 kcal/g 9 kcal/g |
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What structures comprise the rostral compartment of the limbic system? Functions?
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Rostral anterior cingulate
Fns: subjective exp, understanding internal mood; facilitation of interactions b/t dorsal and ventral compartments |
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What structures comprise the indeterminate compartment? Functions?
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Amygdala
Mediates elemental emotional states such as fear and anxiety |
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Functional decreases in dorsal limbic are associated with ___________
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depression, sadness;
also linked with decreases in neocortical and ventral paralimbic regions |
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Functional decreases in the neocortical regions are associated with _________
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Decreases in attn and cognition and psychomotor retardation
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Functional decreases in the ventral paralimbic region are associated with ________
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vegetative, autonomic, and somatic functions
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Deficits in which neurotransmitters are linked to depression?
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Serotonin and NE
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What does the catecholamine hypothesis of mood regulation state?
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There is a decrease in catecholamines in depression and an increase in mania
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Symptoms of serotonin deficit?
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poor impulse control, diminished sex drive, decreased appetite, irritability
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Symptoms of norepinephrine deficit?
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poor attention/memory, diminished [ ], decreased socialization, altered state of arousal
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What neurotransmitter is linked to reward and arousal?
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DA
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Excessive levels of what neurotransmitter results in depressive symptoms?
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ACh
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Drugs that promote GABA function have been shown to relieve what symptom?
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Anxiety (more so than depression)
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What does the receptor hypothesis of depression state? Supporting evidence?
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Defect in regulation of receptors for neurotransmitters causes depression
Antidepressants quickly increase synaptic NT levels, but lag time of up to 6 weeks to reach full effect suggests drug works via regulation at receptor level. |
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What does the post-receptor hypothesis of depression state? Supporting evidence?
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Changes in second messenger systems involved in depression
Antidepressant tx's have been shownt o modifty activity of G_prot and cAMP |
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Effect of brain-derived neurotrophic factor?
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exerts a trophic effect on cholinergic and dopaminergic neurons (via administration of antidepressants stimulating cAMP cascade)
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Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis affects which hormones? How is this relevant to depression?
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Corticotropin-releasing hormone
glucocorticoids (cortisol) Pts with depression ahve elevated RH and cortisol levels |
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What does the dexamethasone suppression test measure? Relevance to depression?
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DST measures regulation of cortisol levels
Many depressed pts maintain high CRH levels, stimulation of CRH receptors cause appetite suppression, sleep disturbances, bhrl probs, increased vegetative fn CRH is also under regulation of 5HT, NE, ACh |
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Abnormalities in the hypothalamic-pituitary-thyroid axis affects which hormones? Relevance to depression?
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TRH
TSH T3, T4 Increased levels of TRH in depressed pts |
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What is the risk of an individual developing depression if he/she has a first-degree relative with depression?
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3 times greater risk than general population
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Is inheritance of depression limited to a single gene?
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No, likely to be polygenic (reflecting inheritance of several genes)
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Atrophy in what brain structures has been associated with depression?
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hippocampus, prefrontal cortex
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