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17 Cards in this Set

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  • Back
Which spinal tracts do all vertebrates have?
Which do only higher monkeys and humans have?
All vertebrates have:
Tectospinal Tr (from Sup/Inf Coll)
Vestibulospinal Tr (from Vestibular Nucleus)
Reticulospinal Tr (from reticular formation)

Only higher animals have:
Rubrospinal Tr (from Red Nucleus)
Corticospinal Tr (from Cortex)
What tracts form the ventromedial brainstem pathway?
Midbrain Tectum
Vestibular Nuclei
Reticular Formation
What tracts form the lateral brainstem pathway?
Rubospinal Tract

(has overlap with corticospinal tract!!)
Role of corticospinal tract?
Fine dexterity
Role of ventromedial brainstem pathway?
Keep us standing, up right, awake
Which descending tracts decussate and which tracts don't?
Do decussate at medulla (ones above the pons):
-Corticospinal tract
-Tectospinal tract
-Rubrospinal tract

Don't Decussate (at/below pons):
Reticulospinal tract
Vestibulospinal tract
Beginning with the cortex, Describe the path taken by the corticospinal tract.
Cortex-->Internal capsule-->Cerebral Peduncle (midbrain)-->Medulla-->Medullary Pyramid (DECUSSATE)-->Spinal cord
Beginning with the red nucleus,describe the path taken by the rubrospinal tract.
Red nucleus (midbrain)-->DECUSSATE-->Medulla-->Spinal Cord
In what region of spincal cord gray matter are soma for proximal muscle? Distal muxcles?
Most medial (and ventral): Proximal mm (shoulders, chest)
Most lateral (and ventral): Disal mm (arms, forearms, hands)
What would constitute damage to a lower motor neuron? What would be the effect on:
Muscle atrophy
Number of muscles affected
Fasciculations
Paralysis, Tone, Reflex
Lower motor neurons = spinal or brainstem MNs, ventral roots, motor nerves

-Gross atrophy of mm
-Can affect single mm
-Fasciculations
-Flaccid paralysis, no reflexes
What would constitute damage to an upper motor neuron? What would be the effect on:
Muscle atrophy
Number of muscles affected
Fasciculations
Paralysis, Tone, Reflex
Upper MNs=corticospinal and brainstem pw's

-No atrophy
-Affects groups of mm
-No fasciulations
-Initial hypotonia, hyporeflexia; after weeks: hypertonia, hyperreflexia, clonus (spasticity)
What is Babinski's sign? What is indicative of?
Fanning of toes (extensor plantar response)

Sign of corticospinal tract lesion
What is spasticity indicative of? Signs?

Treatment?
Spasticity caused by damage to descending motor pw's

Signs:
Hypertonia (increased tone/stiffness)
Hyperreflexia
Clonus (alternating contractions/relaxations)

Can be treated by cutting dorsal roots
What is decorticate rigidity? Sign of?
Arms flexed, legs extended

Intact midbrain, damaged corticospinal tract
What is decerebrate rigidty?
Sign of?
Arms and legs extended

Injury to midbrain and brainstem/brainstem; knocks out ventromedial (keeps legs off ground) and lateral corticospinal tract (flexes arms)
What cranial nerves are effected in locked-in syndrome?
VII, IX, X, XII

Paralysis of all limbs, no facial movements, speech abolished

Capable of vertical but not horizontal (CN VI) eye movmt