Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
149 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Cognitive Development
|
The emergence of the ability to understand the world
|
|
Sensorimotor Stage
|
A stage of development that begins at birth and lasts through infancy in which infants acquire info. about the world by sensing it and moving around within it
|
|
Schemas
|
Theories about or models of the way the world looks
|
|
Assimilation
|
The process by which infants apply their schemas in novel situations
|
|
Accomodation
|
The process by which infants revise their schemas in light or new information
|
|
Object Permanence
|
The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible
|
|
Childhood
|
The stage of development that begins at about 18-24 months and lasts until adolescence
|
|
Preoperational Stage
|
The stage of development that begins at about 2 years and ends at about 6 years, in which children have a preliminary understanding of the physical world
|
|
Concrete operational Stage
|
The stage of development that begins at about 6 years and ends at about 11 years, in which children acquire a basic understanding of the physical world and preliminary understanding of their own and others' minds
|
|
Conservation
|
The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are invariant despite changes in the object's appearance
|
|
Formal Operational Stage
|
The stage of development that begins around the age of 11 and lasts through adulthood, in which children gain a deeper understanding of their own and others' minds and learn to reason abstractly
|
|
Egocentrism
|
The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers
|
|
Theory of Mind
|
The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently
|
|
Preconventional Stage
|
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by its consequences for the actor
|
|
Conventional Stage
|
A stage of moral development in which the morality of an action is primarily determined by the extent to which it conforms to social rules
|
|
Postconventional Stage
|
A stage of moral development at which the morality of an action is determined by a set of general principles that reflect core values
|
|
Self-Report
|
A series of answers to a questionnaire that asks people to indicate the extent to which sets of statements or adjectives accurately describe their own behavior or mental state
|
|
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)
|
A well-researched, clinical questionnaire used to assess personality and psychological problems
|
|
Projective Techniques
|
A standard series of ambiguous stimuli designed to elicit unique responses that reveal inner aspects of an individual's personality
|
|
Rorschach Inkblot Test
|
A projective personality test in which individual interpretations of the meaning of a set of unstructured inkblots are analyzed to identify a respondent's inner feelings and interpret his or her personality structure
|
|
Thematic Apperception Test (TAT)
|
A projective personality test in which respondents reveal underlying motives, concerns, and the way they see the social world through the stories they make up about ambiguous pictures of people.
|
|
Big Five
|
The traits of the five-factor model: conscientousness, agreeableness, neuroticism, openness to experience, and extraversion
|
|
Psychodynamic Approach
|
An approach that regards personality as formed by needs, strivings, and desires, largely operating outside of awareness-- motives that can also produce emotional disorders
|
|
Dynamic Unconscious
|
An active system encompassing a lifetime of hidden memories, the person's deepest instincts and desires, and the person's inner struggle to control these forces
|
|
ID
|
The part of the mind containing the drives present at birth; it is the source of our bodily needs, wants, desires, and impulses, particularly our sexual and aggressive drives
|
|
Pleasure Principle
|
The psychic force that motivates the tendency to seek immediate gratification of any impulse
|
|
Ego
|
The component of personality, developed through contact with the external world, that enables us to deal with life's practical demands
|
|
Reality Principle
|
The regulating mechanism that enables the individual to delay gratifying immediate needs and function effectively in the real world
|
|
Superego
|
The mental system that reflects the internalization of cultural rules, mainly learned as parents exercise their authority
|
|
Defense Mechanisms
|
Unconscious coping mechanisms that reduce anxiety generated by threats from unacceptable impulses
|
|
Rationalization
|
A defense mechanism that involves supplying a reasonable-sounding explanation for unacceptable feelings and behavior to conceal (mostly from oneself) one's underlying motives or feelings
|
|
Reaction Formation
|
A defense mechanism that involves unconsciously replacing threatening inner wishes and fantasies with an exaggerated version of their opposite
|
|
Projection
|
A defense mechanism that involves attributing one's own threatening feelings, motives, or impulses to another person or group
|
|
Regression
|
A defense mechanism in which the ego deals with internal conflict and perceived threat by reverting to an immature behavior or earlier stage of development
|
|
Displacement
|
A defense mechanism that involves shifting unacceptable wishes or drives to a neutral or less-threatening alternative
|
|
Identification
|
A defense mechanism that helps deal with feelings of threat and anxiety by enabling us unconsciously to take on the characteristics of another person who seems more powerful or better able to cope
|
|
Sublimation
|
A defense mechanism that involves channeling unacceptable sexual or aggressive drives into socially acceptable and culturally enhancing activities
|
|
Psychosexual Stages
|
Distinct early life stages through which personality is formed as children experience sexual pleasure from specific body areas and caregivers redirect or interfere with those pleasures
|
|
Fixation
|
A phenomenon in which a person's pleasure-seeking drives become psychologically stuck, or arrested, at a particular psychosexual stage
|
|
Oral Stage
|
The first psychosexual stage, in which experience centers on the pleasures and frustrations associated with the mouth, sucking, and being fed
|
|
Anal Stage
|
The second psychosexual stage, which is dominated by the pleasures and frustrations associated with the anus, retention and expulsion of feces and urine, and toilet training
|
|
Phallic Stage
|
The 3rd psychosexual stage, during which experience is dominated by the pleasure, conflict, and frustration associated with the phallic-genital region as well as powerful incestuous feelings of love, hate, jealousy, and conflict
|
|
Oedipus Conflict
|
A developmental experience in which a child's conflicting feelings toward the opposite-sex parent (usually) resolved by identifying with the same-sex parent
|
|
Latency Stage
|
The 4th psychosexual stage, in which primary focus is on the further development of intellectual, creative, interpersonal, and athletic skills
|
|
Qualify as mental disorder
|
Thoughts, feelings and emotions must be persistent, harmful to the person experiencing them, and uncontrollable
Approximately 40% of people will develop mental disorder over the course of their lives |
|
Medical Model
|
The conceptualization of psychological abnormalities as diseases that, like biological diseases, have symptoms and causes and possible cures
|
|
Diagnosis
|
Clinicians seek to determine the nature of the problem by assessing symptoms
|
|
Symptoms
|
Behaviors, thoughts, and emotions suggestive of an underlying abnormal syndrome
|
|
Syndrome
|
Coherent cluster of symptoms usually due to a single cause
|
|
Diagnostic and Statisical Manual of Mental Disorders
|
Classification system that describes the features used to diagnose each recognized mental disorder and indicates how the disorder can be distinguished from other, similar problems
|
|
DSM-IV-TR takes concerns into account by focusing on 3 key elements that must be present for a cluster of symptoms to qualify as a potential disorder
|
1) The disorder is manifested in symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions
2) The symptoms are associated w/ significant personal distress or impairment 3) The symptoms stem from an internal dysfunction |
|
Neurosis
|
A condition that involves anxiety but in which the person is still in touch w/ reality
ex) obsessive-compulsive |
|
Psychosis
|
A condition in which the person experiences serious distortions of perception & thought that weaken his or her grasp on reality
ex) schizophrenia |
|
Anxiety Disorder
|
The class of mental disorder in which anxiety is the predominant feature
|
|
Generalized Anxiety Disorder (GAD)
|
A disorder characterized by chronic excessive worry accompanied by 3 or more of the following symptoms: restlessness, fatigue, concentration problems, irritability, muscle tension, and sleep disturbance
|
|
What group does GAD occur in more frequently?
|
Lower-socioeconomic groups
Twice as common in women as in men |
|
Concordance Rates
|
the % of pairs that share the characteristic
|
|
Phobic Disorders
|
Disorders characterized by marked, persistent, and excessive fear & avoidance of specific objects, activities, or situations
|
|
Specific Phobia
|
An irrational fear of a particular object or situation that markedly interferes with an individual's ability to function
|
|
Five categories of Specific Phobias
|
1) Animals
2) Natural environments (heights, darkness) 3) Situations (bridges, elevators) 4) Blood injections & injury 5) Other phobias including illness & death |
|
Social Phobia
|
A disorder that involves an irrational fear of being publicly humiliated or embarassed
|
|
Preparedness Theory
|
The idea that people are instinctively predisposed toward certain fears
|
|
Panic Disorder
|
Sudden occurrence of multiple psychological and physiological symptoms that contribute to a feeling of stark terror
|
|
Symptoms of Panic Attack
|
Shortness of breath
Heart palpitations Sweating Dizziness Depersonalization Derealization Fear that one is going crazy or about to die |
|
How does DSM-IV-TR classify panic disorder
|
A person has a panic disorder only on experiencing recurrent unexpected attacks and reporting significant anxiety about having another attack
Individual also has to experience significant dread and anxiety about having another attack |
|
Agoraphobia
|
Extreme fear of venturing into public places
|
|
Sodium Lactate
|
Chemical that produces rapid, shallow breathing and heart palpitations.
People with panic disorder are acutely sensitive to drug |
|
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
|
Repetitive, intrusive thoughts (obsessions) and ritualistic behaviors (compulsions) designed to fend off those thoughts that interfere significantly with an individual's functioning
|
|
More susceptible to OCD
|
Women
Approximately 2.5% of people develop this disorder |
|
Most common obsessions
|
Contamination, aggression, death, sex, disease, orderliness, and disfigurement
|
|
Most common compulsions
|
cleaning, checking, repeating, ordering/arranging, counting
|
|
Mood Disorders
|
Mental disorders that have mood disturbance as their predominant feature
|
|
Two Main forms of mood disorders
|
Depression and Bipolar Disorder
|
|
Depressive mood disorders are..
|
dysfunctional, chronic, & fall outside the range of socially or culturally expected responses
|
|
Major Depressive Disorder
|
(Unipolar depression) A severely depressed mood that lasts 2 or more weeks and is accompanied by feelings of worthlessness and lack of pleasure, lethargy, and sleep, and appetite disturbances
On average, lasts about 6 months Individuals with recurrent depression have more severe symptoms Women diagnosed at a rate twice that of men Heritability rates range from 33%-45% |
|
Dysthymia
|
The same cognitive and bodily problems as in depression are present, but they are less severe and last longer, persisting for at least 2 years
|
|
Double Depression
|
(when both types co-occur) A moderately depressed mood that persists for at least 2 years and is punctuated by periods of major depression
|
|
Seasonal Affective Disorder
|
Recurrent depressive episodes in a seasonal pattern
|
|
Depression may involve diminished activity and increased activity in what parts of the brain?
|
(decreased) Left prefrontal cortex and (increased) right prefrontal cortex
|
|
Helplessness Theory
|
The idea that individuals who are prone to depression automatically attribute negative experiences to causes that are internal (own fault), stable (unlikely to change), and global (widespread)
To demonstrate that negative thoughts contribute to depression, the thoughts must precede the development of the disorder |
|
Bipolar Disorder
|
An unstable emotional condition characterized by cycles of abnormal, persistent high mood (mania) and low mood (depression)
Typically a recurrent condition |
|
Manic phase must last a week to meet DSM requirements
|
Mood can be elevated, expansive, or irritable
Grandiosity, decreased need for sleep, talkativeness, racing thoughts, distractability, and reckless behavior |
|
Rapid Cycling Bipolar Disorder
|
Characterized by at least 4 mood episodes every year (manic or depressive)
More common in women than in men |
|
Lithium
|
unrelated to neurotransmitters.. often helps stabilize both the depressive and manic symptoms associated with bipolar disorder
|
|
Schizophrenia
|
A disorder characterized by the profound disruption of basic psychological processes; a distorted perception of reality; altered or blunted emotion; and disturbances in thought, motivation, and behavior
Occurs in about 1% of the population and is about equally common in women & men First episode typically occurs during late adolescence or early adulthood. females usually have later onset than males |
|
Delusion
|
A patently false belief system, often bizarre and grandiose, that is maintained in spite of its irrationality
|
|
Hallucination
|
A false perceptual experience that has a compelling sense of being real despite the absence of external stimulation
Perceptual disturbances can include: hearing, seeing, or smelling things that are not there |
|
Disorganized Speech
|
A severe disruption of verbal communication in which ideas shift rapidly and incoherently from one to another unrelated topic
|
|
Grossly Disorganized Behavior
|
Behavior that is inappropriate for the situation or ineffective in attaining goals, often with specific motor disturbances
ex) constant childlike silliness improper sexual behavior rigid posturing odd mannerisms |
|
Catatonic Behavior
|
A marked decrease in all movement or an increase in muscular rigidity and overactivity
|
|
Negative Symptoms
|
Emotional and social withdrawal; apathy; poverty of speech; and other indications of the absence or insufficiency of normal behavior, motivation, and emotion
|
|
Five Subtypes
|
Paranoid--
Catatonic-- (Depend primarily on the relative prominence of various symptoms) Disorganized-- Undifferentiated Type (Doesn't fit with other types) Residual Type (substantially recovered from at least one schiz. episode but still have lingering symptoms) |
|
Dopamine Hypothesis
|
The idea that schizophrenia involves an excess of dopamine activity
|
|
Expressed Emotion
|
Emotional overinvolvement (intrusiveness) and excessive criticism directed toward the former patient by his or her family
|
|
Personality Disorders
|
Disorders characterized by deeply ingrained, inflexible, patterns of thinking, feeling, or relating to others or controlling impulses that cause distress or impaired functioning
|
|
Antisocial Personality Disorder
|
A pervasive pattern of disregard for & violation of the rights of others that begins in childhood or early adolescence and continues into adulthood
lack insight with what it means to hurt others Occurrence rate is 3 times in men in that of women |
|
In adulthood, diagnosis of APD is given if 3 or more of these 7 diagnostic signs show:
|
illegal behavior, deception, impulsivity, physical aggression, recklessness, irresponsibility, and a lack of remorse for wrongdoing
|
|
Three major obstacles can prevent from successful treatment
|
1) People may not recognize that treatment is needed
2) They may not be able or willing to get treatment 3) They may not even know if anything can be done |
|
Psychotherapy
|
An interaction between a therapist and someone suffering from a psychological problem, with the goal of providing support or relief from the problem.
|
|
Eclectic Psychotherapy
|
Treatment that draws on techniques from different forms of therapy, depending on the client and the problem.
|
|
Psychodynamic Psychotherapies
|
A general approach to treatment that explores childhood events and encourages individuals to develop insight into their psychological problems
|
|
Psychoanalysis
|
A form of therapy that emphasizes the role of uncovering unconscious desires to develop insight into psychological problems
|
|
Free Association
|
The client reports every thought that enters the mind without censorship or filtering
|
|
Resistance
|
A reluctance to cooperate with treatment for fear of confronting unpleasant unconscious material
|
|
Transference
|
An event that occurs in psychoanalysis when the analyst begins to assume a major significance in the client's life and the client reacts to the analyst based on unconscious childhood fantasies
|
|
Collective Unconscious
|
The culturally determined symbols and myths that are shared among all people (Jung)
|
|
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
|
A form of psychotherapy that focuses on helping clients improve current relationships
Brief duration (12-16 weeks) and focus on improving relationships set it apart from most other psychodynamic therapies |
|
Cognitive and Behavioral Treatments emphasize the current factors that contribute to the problem
|
Dysfunctional thoughts and maladaptive behavior
|
|
Behavior Therapy
|
A type of therapy that assumes that disordered behavior is learned and that symptom relief is achieved through changing overt maladaptive behaviors into more constructive behaviors
|
|
Aversion Therapy
|
Form of behavior therapy that uses positive punishment to reduce the frequency of an undesirable behavior
Eliminate Better for short-term |
|
Token Economy
|
A form of behavior therapy in which clients are given "tokens" for desired behaviors, which they can later trade for rewards
Promote |
|
Exposure Therapy
|
Involves confronting an emotion-arousing stimulus directly and repeatedly, ultimately leading to a decrease in the emotional response
Reduce |
|
Systematic Desensitization
|
A procedure in which a client relaxes all the muscles of his or her body while imagining being in increasingly frightening situations
|
|
Response Prevention
|
Involves resisting the urge to engage in a compulsive ritual or some other protective behavior
|
|
Humanistic and Existential Therapies
|
Emerged in 20th century
Assume human nature is generally positive and they emphasize the natural tendency of each individual to strive for personal improvement Assume psychological problems stem from feelings of alienation and loneliness |
|
Person Centered Therapy
|
An approach to therapy that assumes all individuals have a tendency toward growth and that this growth can be facilitated by acceptance and genuine reactions from the therapist
Developed by Carl Rogers Assume each individual is qualified to determine his or her own goals for therapy |
|
Three Basic Qualities for Therapists to have
(in person-centered therapy) |
Congruence: Openness and honesty
Empathy: Continuous process of trying to understand the client by getting inside his or her way of thinking, feeling, and understanding the world Unconditional Positive Regard: Providing nonjudgmental, warm, and accepting environment |
|
Aggression
|
Behavior whose purpose is to harm another
|
|
Frustration-Aggression Principle
|
A principle stating that people aggress when their goals are thwarted
|
|
Social Psychology
|
The study of the causes and consequences of interpersonal behavior
|
|
Much of our social behavior revolves around the two fundamental tasks of:
|
survival and reproduction
|
|
Premeditated Aggression
|
People consciously decide to use aggression to achieve their goals
|
|
Impulsive Aggression
|
People aggress spontaneously and without premeditation
response to unpleasant internal state |
|
Cooperation
|
Behavior by two or more individuals that leads to mutual benefit
|
|
Altruism
|
Behavior that benefits another without benefiting oneself
|
|
Kin Selection
|
Process by which evolution selects for genes that cause individuals to provide benefits to their relatives
|
|
Reciprocal Altruism
|
Behavior that benefits another with the exception that those benefits will be returned in the future
|
|
Group
|
Collection of two or more people who believe they have something in common
|
|
Prejudice
|
A positive or negative EVALUATION of another person based on their group membership
|
|
Discrimination
|
Positive or negative BEHAVIOR toward another person based on their group membership
|
|
In-Group
|
A human category of which a person is a member
|
|
Out-Group
|
A human category of which a person is not a member
|
|
Deindividuation
|
When immersion in a group causes people to become less aware of their individual values
|
|
Social Loafing
|
The tendency for people to expend less effort when in a group than alone
|
|
Bystander Intervention
|
The act of helping strangers in an emergency situation
|
|
Diffusion of Responsibility
|
The tendency for individuals to feel diminished responsibility for their actions when they are surrounded by others who are acting the same way
|
|
Group Polarization
|
The tendency for a group's initial leaning to get stronger over time
|
|
Social Influence
|
Control of one person's behavior by another
|
|
Three Basic Wants that make People Susceptible to social influence
|
1) Hedonic Motive
Desire to experience pleasure & avoid pain 2) Approval Motive Desire to be accepted & avoid being rejected 3) Accuracy Motive Desire to believe what is true & to avoid believing what is false |
|
Observational Learning
|
Learning that occurs when one person observes another person being rewarded or punished
|
|
Norm
|
A customary standard for behavior that is widely shared by members of a culture
|
|
Normative Influence
|
A phenomenon whereby one person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is appropriate
|
|
Norm of Reciprocity
|
The norm that people should benefit those who have benefited them
|
|
Door-in-the-Face Technique
|
A strategy that uses reciprocating concessions to influence behavior
Ask someone for something more valuable than you really want. Wait for person to refuse. Ask for what you really want. |
|
Conformity
|
Tendency to do what others do simply because others are doing it
Asch's line test |
|
Obedience
|
Tendency to do what authorities tell us to do simpy because they tell us to do it
Milgram's shock test |
|
Attitude
|
An enduring positive or negative evaluation of an object or event
"what" |
|
Belief
|
An enduring piece of knowledge about an object or event
"How" |
|
Informational Influence
|
A phenomenon whereby a person's behavior is influenced by another person's behavior because the latter provides information about what is good or true
|