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36 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back

BAR CHART or BAR GRAPH

A graphical method of presenting data. A bar is drawn for each level of a variable. The height of each bar contains the value of the variable. Bar charts are useful for displaying things such as frequency counts and percent increases. They are not...
A graphical method of presenting data. A plot that shows frequencies for categorical data as heights or lengths of bars, with one bar for each category.
BIAS
A sampling method is biased if each element does not have an equal chance of being selected. A sample of internet users found reading an online statistics book would be a biased sample of all internet users. A random sample is unbiased. Note that possible bias refers to the sampling method, not the result. An unbiased method could, by chance, lead to a very non-representative sample.
BIMODAL DISTRIBUTION
A distribution with two distinct peaks
A distribution with two distinct peaks
BIN WIDTH
Also known as the class interval, the bin width is a division of data for use in a histogram.For instance, it is possible to partition scores on a 100 point test into class intervals of1-25, 26-49, 50-74 and 75-100.
Also known as the class interval, the bin width is a division of data for use in a histogram.For instance, it is possible to partition scores on a 100 point test into class intervals of1-25, 26-49, 50-74 and 75-100.
BIVARIATE DATA
Data that involve two variables per case. For quantitative variables, often displayed on a scatterplot. For categorical variables, often displayed in a two-way table.
BOX PLOT

or Box-and-whisker plot
A graphical display of the five-number summary.  The "box" extends from the lower quartile (Q1) to the upper quartile (Q3), with a line across it at the median (Q2).  The "whiskers" run from the quartiles to the minimum or maximum.
A graphical display of the five-number summary. The "box" extends from the lower quartile (Q1) to the upper quartile (Q3), with a line across it at the median (Q2). The "whiskers" run from the quartiles to the minimum or maximum.
CLASS FREQUENCY
One of the components of a histogram, the class frequency is the number of observations in each class interval.
CENTRAL TENDENCY
There are many measures of the center of a distribution. These are called measures of central tendency. The most common are the mean, median, and, mode.
CLASS INTERVAL
Also known as bin width, the class interval is a division of data for use in a histogram. For instance, it is possible to partition scores on a 100 point test into class intervals of 1-25, 26-49, 50-74 and 75-100
CONFOUNDING
Two or more variables are confounded if their effects cannot be separated because they vary together. For example, if a study on the effect of light inadvertently manipulated heat along with light, then light and heat would be confounded
CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY DISTRIBUTION
A distribution showing the number of observations less than or equal to values on the X-axis. The following graph shows a cumulative distribution for scores on a test
A distribution showing the number of observations less than or equal to values on the X-axis. The following graph shows a cumulative distribution for scores on a test
DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
1. The branch of statistics concerned with describing and summarizing data. 2.A set of statistics such as the mean, standard deviation, and skew that describe a distribution.
DEVIATION SCORES
Scores that are expressed as differences (deviations) from some value, usually the mean. To convert data to deviation scores typically means to subtract the mean score from each other score. Thus, the values 1, 2, and 3 in deviation-score form would be computed by subtracting the mean of 2 from each value and would be -1,0, 1.
DISTRIBUTION
The distribution of empirical data is called a frequency distribution and consists of a count of the number of occurrences of each value. If the data are continuous, then a grouped frequency distribution is used. Typically, a distribution is portr...
The distribution of empirical data is called a frequency distribution and consists of a count of the number of occurrences of each value. If the data are continuous, then a grouped frequency distribution is used. Typically, a distribution is portrayed using a frequency polygon or a histogram. Mathematical equations are often used to define distributions. The normal distribution is, perhaps, the best known example. Many empirical distributions are approximated well by mathematical distributions such as the normal distribution
CASE
The subject (or object) on which a measurement is made in statistical examination.
CATEGORICAL VARIABLE
A variable that can be grouped into categories, such as “yes” and “no.” Categories sometimes can be ordered as with “small,””medium,” and “large.”
CLUSTER
On a plot, a group of data “clustering” close to the same value, away from other groups.
On a plot, a group of data “clustering” close to the same value, away from other groups.
COEFFICIENT OF DETERMINATION
the square of the correlation r. Tells the proportion of the total variation in y that can be explained by the relationship with x.
CONFOUNDING
The phenomenon that occurs when an experimental design has mixed together two possible influences on a response in such a way that it is impossible to separate their effects.
CONTINUOUS VARIABLE
A quantitative variable that can take on any value on an interval of real numbers.
CORRELATION
A numerical value between -1 and 1 inclusive that measures the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two variables.
DATA
A set of numbers or observations with a context and drawn from a real-life situation.
DOT PLOT
A graphical display that shows the values of a variable along a number line.
A graphical display that shows the values of a variable along a number line.
FREQUENCY (or COUNT)
The number of times a value occurs in the distribution.
FREQUENCY TABLE
A table that gives the values and their frequencies (counts).
A table that gives the values and their frequencies (counts).
HISTOGRAM
A plot for quantitative variables that groups cases into rectangles or bars.  The height of the bar shows the frequency.
A plot for quantitative variables that groups cases into rectangles or bars. The height of the bar shows the frequency.
Outliers
An individual observation that falls outside the overall pattern of the graph
BOX PLOT (with fences)
A box plot is constructed by drawing a box between the upper and lower quartiles with a solid line drawn across the box to locate the median. The following quantities (called fences) are needed for identifying extreme values in the tails of the di...
A box plot is constructed by drawing a box between the upper and lower quartiles with a solid line drawn across the box to locate the median. The following quantities (called fences) are needed for identifying extreme values in the tails of the distribution: 1. lower inner fence: Q1 - 1.5*IQ 2. upper inner fence: Q3 + 1.5*IQ 3. lower outer fence: Q1 - 3*IQ 4. upper outer fence: Q3 + 3*IQ
DESCRIPTION OF OVERALL PATTERN OF DISTRIBUTION (SOCS)
Give the center and spread. See if the distribution has a simple shape that you can describe in a few words. SOCS = Shape Outliers Center and Shape
SYMMETRIC DISTRIBUTION
The right and left sides of the histogram are approximately mirror images of each other.
The right and left sides of the histogram are approximately mirror images of each other.
SKEWED RIGHT DISTRIBUTION
When the right side of the distribution (containing the half of the observations with larger values) extends much farther out than the left does.  (tail extends right)
When the right side of the distribution (containing the half of the observations with larger values) extends much farther out than the left does. (tail extends right)
SKEWED LEFT DISTRIBUTION
When the left side of the distribution (containing the half of the observations with smaller values) extends much farther out than the right does.  (tail extends left)
When the left side of the distribution (containing the half of the observations with smaller values) extends much farther out than the right does. (tail extends left)
PERCENTILE
The pth percentile of a distribution is the value such that p percent of the observations fall at or below it.
Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA)
Uses graphs and numerical summaries to describe the variables in a data set and the relations among them.
The interquartile Range (IQR)
The distance between the first and third quartiles

Q3 - Q1
FIVE NUMBER SUMMARY
includes the Minimum value, quartile 1, median (q2), quartile 3, and maximum value