Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
306 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Vertebral Column
|
protection of the spinal cord cervical-7-neck, thoracic 12-trunk, lumbar-5-lower back, Sacral-5, Coccygeal-4
|
|
Skull make up
|
Facial Bones, Calvarium
|
|
Calvarium make up
|
Frontal Bones, Parietal Bones, Temporal Bones, Occipital Bone, Sphenoid Bone, Ethmoid Bone
|
|
Frontal Bone
|
1 forehead
|
|
Parietal Bones
|
2 Lateral to frontal bone
|
|
Temporal Bones
|
2-inf. to praietal bones-contains external auditory meatus within petrous portion hardest portion-hardest portion squamous
|
|
Occipital Bone
|
back and under surface-contains foramen magnum-bump on back is external occipital protuberance opp. internal occipital protuberance
|
|
Sphenoid Bone
|
part of the int. and ant. portion of the calvarium-houses the endocrine gland-forms back of the orbits part of the calvarium floort
|
|
Ethmoid Bone
|
part of nasal and floor sup. point of attachment is Cristi Galli
|
|
Sutures in the Calvarium
|
strong innerdigital growth-together like a puzzle
coronal suture, longitudinal/sagittal sutre, squamousal suture, lambdoid suture |
|
Coronal suture
|
frontal and parietal grow together
|
|
Longitudinal/Sagittal suture
|
where parietla bones grow together
|
|
squamousal suture
|
temporal and parietal connection
|
|
lambdoid suture
|
occipital and parietal connection
|
|
orbitomeatal line
|
imaginary line from inferior portion of the obit to the sup prtion of the external auditory meatus-horizontal head is anatomically correct position
|
|
fontanelle
|
a fibrous tissue b/t sutures which allows for growth and allows the head to fit in birth canal.
|
|
Bregma
|
anterior soft spot
|
|
lambda
|
posterior soft spot
|
|
Fossae
|
three sections on the floor of the calvarium-anterior, middle and posterior
|
|
anterior fossae
|
where the frontal lobe sits-divide from temporal by the greater wing of the sphenoid.
|
|
Middle fossae
|
where the temporal lobes sit-divide from frontal by the greater wing of the sphenoid.
|
|
posterior fossae
|
where the occipital lobe sits-divided from middle fossae by the petrous portion of temporal bone.
|
|
Meningeal membrane
|
duramater,
|
|
Meningeal Membrane
|
Three layers-dura mater, arachnoid membrane, pia mater
|
|
dura mater
|
bt the brain and clavrium thick layer of meningeal membrane-contains two layers-periostial and meningeal
|
|
periostial layer
|
outermost layer of dura mater attaches to cristi galli and ext. occipital protub.-potential space bt calvarium and calvarium-epidural space
|
|
meningeal layer
|
inner layer dura mater-soft tissue holds brain lobe in place dips into hemis. three section falx cerebri, tentorium, falx cerebelli
|
|
Falx cerebri
|
part of meningeal layer thin fold that separates lt and rt hemis-attaches to cristi galli ant. and post. to ext. occip. protub.
|
|
tentorium
|
part of meningeal layer bt cerebrum and cerebellum spearates mid. and post. cranial fossa, perpendicual to falx cerebri
|
|
falx cerebelli
|
part of meningeal layer separates cerbellar hemis.
|
|
Epidural space
|
potential space bt dura mater and bone
|
|
superior sagittal sinues
|
deviation bt periostial and meningeal layers of dura mater where csf and deoxy blood collect
|
|
subdural space
|
bt meingeal layer and arachnoid membrane-potential space
|
|
Arachnoid membrane
|
soft thin membrane covers brain under meningeal layer of dura mater. arachnoid villus, arachnoid granulations, arachnoid trabeculae, subarachnoid space, cistern
|
|
arachnoid villus
|
pieces of granulation-extension of arachnoid mem. push through dura to channel fluid oneway into sup. sag. sinus
|
|
arachnoid granulations
|
lumbs and bumps-congregation of villus
|
|
arachnoid trabeculae
|
course through subarachnoid space to connect pia and arachnoid.
|
|
subarachnoid space
|
large area bt arachnoid mem. and pia mater-fills w/ csf
|
|
cistern
|
enlarged portion of subarachnoid space-larger place where csf collects
|
|
Pia mater
|
deepest most fragile layer of meninges-follows all convulutions-made of glial cells, nourish neurons, store chem and remove dead neurons
|
|
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
|
clear, constantly produced, replenished 3-4x's/day
|
|
Function CSF
|
protective cushion, support, inflates, eliminates wastes
|
|
Production of CSF
|
Choroid plexus-in the ventricles-chemically alters blood-red ribbon appearance because of capillaries-made of capillaries and internal pia mater
|
|
Circulation of CSF
|
Lateral vent->foramen of monroe->3rd vent.->cerbral aqueduct->4th vent.->pontine cisterns and cisterna magna->post. sub arach of spinal cord->ant. sub arach. of spinal cord->cranial sub arach. space->sup. sag. sinus->resbsorp. to blood stream
|
|
Arteries
|
Left Aortic Arch and Right Aortic Arch
|
|
Left Aortic Arch
|
Common Carotid and Subclavian
|
|
Common Carotid
|
diretly off left aortic arch for external carotid and internal carotid
|
|
external carotid lt
|
blood to the face
|
|
internal carotid rt
|
blood to the brain enter through carotid foramen
|
|
Subclavian lt
|
directly of lt aortic arch has a branch called vertebral artery
|
|
vertebral artery lt
|
enter through foramen magnum via the neck
|
|
Right side aortic arch
|
gies rise to brachioencephali trunk which branch to form common carotid which branches to form ext. and internal carotid
|
|
Posterior inferior cerebral artery
|
branchinig of the vertebral arter b4 vetebral arteris join to become: basilar artery
|
|
Basilar artery
|
joining of left and right vertebral art. spilts to form ant.inf. cerebellar art. and sup. cerebellar art.
|
|
ant. inf. cerebellar art.
|
branch of basilar art. to supply blood to cerebellum
|
|
sup. cerebellar art.
|
branch off basilar art. to supply blood to cerebellum
|
|
circle of willis
|
undersurface of the brain around the cradle of the sphenoid-made of nine arteries
|
|
posterior cerebral arteries
|
2-branch off sup. portion of basilar artery-provides blood to occipital and parietal
|
|
posterior communicating arteries
|
2-extend from posterior cerebral artery course into middle crebral and ant. comm. artery.
|
|
middle cerebral arteries
|
brach off post. comm. and ant. comm. to supply bllod to bobth sides of the cerebrum ext. of int. carotid
|
|
ant. cerebral arteries
|
2-blood from medial and frontal portions of middle cerebral arteries.
|
|
Reason for circle of willis
|
protects bllod flow by givng the blood an alt. way to flow
|
|
veins
|
carry bllod back to the heart and used CSF capillaries collect bllod from the coritcal surface-trans. bllod to venules->deposit blood into sinuses drain post. and inf into int. jugular to heart.
|
|
Frontal Lobe
|
Central Sulcus, Lateral Fissure, precentral gyrus, premotor cortex, sup. frontal gyrus, middle frontal gyrus, inferior frontal gyrus.
|
|
Central Sulcus
|
Rolandic Fissure-line differentiates frontal from parietal
|
|
Lateral fissure
|
sylvian fissure-temporal from frontal
|
|
Precentral gyrus
|
primary motor cortex-anterior to the central sulcus-controls move. in an organized feet top of brain to head towards the bottom.
|
|
premotor cortex
|
anterior to pre central gyrus-controls motor planning-give msgs to motor cortex-same order as precentral
|
|
superior frontal gyrus
|
f(1)-superior to the supe. frontal sulcus
|
|
middle frontal gyrus
|
f(2)-inferiro to the sup. frontal sulcus, sup. to the inf. frontal sulcus
|
|
inferior frontal gyrus
|
f(3)-inf. to the inf. frontal sulcus-three divisions-pars obitalis, pars triangularis, pars opercularis
|
|
pars orbitalis
|
most inf. portion of the inf. frontal gyrus-involved in motor planning-make up frontal operculum only in the lt.
|
|
pars triangularis
|
contains broca's area motor planning are for jaw, lips, tongue, and vf-make up frontal operculum only in the lt.
|
|
pars opercularis
|
contains broca's area motor planning are for jaw, lips, tongue, and vf-make up frontal operculum only in the lt.
|
|
Parietal lobe
|
contains-postcentral gyrus, postcentral sulcus, intraparietal sulcus, parieto-occipital sulcus, cingualate gyrus.
|
|
postcentral gyrus
|
primary somatosensory cortex-receives tactile info-same organization as other areas
|
|
postcentral sulcus
|
posterior to postcentral gyrus
|
|
intraparietal sulcus
|
perpendicular to the postcentral sulcus: separates into sup. parietal lobule, inf. pareital lobe.
|
|
superior parietal lobule
|
is separated from the inferior parietal lobule by the intraparietal sulcus
|
|
inferior parietal lobule
|
inf. to the intraparietal sulcus-contains area which assoc. auditory and visual info. which contain supramarginal gyrus and angular gyrus
|
|
Supramarginal gyrus
|
ant. portion of inf. parietal lobule.
|
|
angular gyrus
|
post. portion of the inf. parietal lobule-integrate auditory and visual into speech code
|
|
Parieto-occipital sulcus
|
only seen sagittally separates occipital lobe from parietal lobe and temporal lobe
|
|
cingulate gyrus
|
sup to the corpus callosum
|
|
Occipital Lobe
|
Calcarine sulcus, cuneus, lingual gyrus, primary visual cortex, association visual cortices
|
|
calcarine sulcus
|
separates the occipital lobe sagittally-divides the primary visual cortex into upper and lower operculum. contains cuneus and lingual gyrus
|
|
cuneus
|
superior to calcarine sulcus sup. portion of the association visual cortex
|
|
lingual gyrus
|
inf. to calcarine sulcus-inf. protion of the association visual corices
|
|
primary visual cortex
|
receives visual info
|
|
Temporal lobe
|
superior temporal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, inferior temporal gyrus, superior surface of LT1
|
|
Superior suface of LT1
|
transverse temporal gyri, planum temporale
|
|
Transverse temporal gyrus
|
across the sup. temporal gyrus-primary receptive cortex for audition-heschl's gyrus-primary auditory cortex
|
|
Planum temporale
|
wernicke's area in lt hemis-post.-association for audition-post. 2/3 of LT1
|
|
Insula
|
fifth lobe-only exposed when temporal lobe is removed-assoc. cortex-related to lymbic-integration info from all senses
|
|
Middle Temporal Gyrus
|
t(2)-superior to the inf. temporal sulcus. inf. to the sup. temporal sulcus.
|
|
Inf.temporal gyrus
|
t(3)-inf. to the inf. temporal sulcus.
|
|
Inferior Surface of the brain
|
no parietal structures seen-occipital-temporal sulcus, colalteral sulcus, occipital temporal gyrus, medial occipital gyrus, primary olfactory cortex, obitaal gyri, olfactory trarct bulb and nerve.
|
|
Occipital-temporal sulcus
|
divdes the medial occipital gyrus and the occipital temporal gyrus. undersuface of brain
|
|
Collateral sulcus
|
marks the later limtes of the parahippocampal and lingual gyri-undersurface of the brain
|
|
occipital temporal gyrus
|
later to the occipital temporal sulcus-undersurface of the brain
|
|
medial occipital gyrus
|
Medial to the occipital temporal sulcus-undersurface of the brain
|
|
Primary olfactory cortex
|
undersuface of the brain: parahippocampal gyrus and uncus
|
|
Parahippocampal gyrus
|
medial surface of temperal lobe grey matter play important role in formation and retrieval of memory
|
|
uncus
|
most anter part of the parahippocampus-olfactory association
|
|
Obital gyri
|
frontal lobe-ant. protion: optic nerve and chiasm-undersurface of the brain
|
|
optic nerve
|
sensory nerve-concerned w/ visual sensation, originate in retina and unite @ optic chiasm @ base of brain
|
|
olfactory tract bulb and nerve
|
medial frontal lobe serves as sense of smell.
|
|
Diencephalon
|
bt brain: thalamus, hypothalamus, subthalamus,epithalamus
|
|
Thalamus characteristics
|
largest, most superior part of the diencephalon-hidden by cerebrum
|
|
Thalamus job
|
grand relay station for both hemispheres-all info passes thourgh-integration and distrubution-collection of nuclei
|
|
Hypothalamus location
|
most inf. portion of diencephalon 2nd largest portion
|
|
Hypothalamus job
|
role in motor control, regulation, head of autonamic nervous system, part of limbic, reg. of emotion, most primative part
|
|
subthalamus
|
not a surface structure, only control motor, part of basal ganglia
|
|
epithalamus
|
seen on the dorsal medial edge of thalamus-sleep/wake circadium rhythm.
|
|
Ventral Side of diencephalon
|
tuber cinereum (infundibulum), mammilary bodies
|
|
tuber cinereum
|
infundibulum-ventral diencephalon-attaches to the pituitary gland
|
|
Mammilary bodies
|
ventral diencephalon-part of the limbic-primary to auditory stimuli one of the nuclei in hypo.
|
|
Midsaggital diencephalon
|
interthalamic adhesion (mass intermeida, hypothalamic sulcus
|
|
interthalamic adhesion
|
Midsaggital diencephalon-mass intermedia-area where two hemispheres of thalamus grow together
|
|
hypothalamic suclus
|
Midsaggital diencephalon-groove separates thalamus and hypothalamus m
|
|
Coronal diencephalon
|
subthalmus, lateral ventricles, third ventricle
|
|
third ventricle
|
coronal diencephalon-separates two thalami except where they are attached at the interthalamic adhesion
|
|
lateral ventricle
|
coronal diencephalon-space bt thalamus and corpus callosum
|
|
Posterior diencephalon
|
Thalamus, epithalamus
|
|
subthalamus-CD
|
coronal diencephalon-nucleus the inf. and lateral to hypothalamus
|
|
Thalamus-PD
|
extends posterior-medial geniculate body, and lateral geniculate body
|
|
Medial geniculate body
|
nucleus for hear on post. surface of thalamus
|
|
Lateral geniculate body
|
nucleaus for vision on the post. surface of thalamus
|
|
Epithalamus-PD
|
Stria medullaris, habenlua, pineal body
|
|
stria medullaris
|
post. epithalmus-fibrous tracts course towars the axons of the habenula and pineal body
|
|
habenula
|
post. epithalamus-nucleus made of cell bodies and dendrites
|
|
pineal body/gland
|
post. epithalamus-inf. boder of the 3rd ventricle
|
|
External brainstem
|
mesencephalon, pons, medulla oblongata
|
|
Ventral Midbrain
|
Olfactory Nerve, optic nerve, cerebellar peduncles, interpeduncular fossa,occulormotor nerve vertical striations of midbrain
|
|
Olfactory Nerve
|
CNI
|
|
Optic nerve
|
wraps around surface of midbrain and diencephalon on ventral side
|
|
cerebellar peduncles
|
swelling on either side of the mammilary bodies mad up of axonal fibers
|
|
interpeduncular fossa
|
bt two cerebellar peduncles
|
|
occulomotor nerve
|
emerges from the interpeduncular fossa @ sup. border of the pons
|
|
vertical striations of midbrain
|
stiped quality of cerebral peduncles-axons from the motorstrip-pass through pons-reemerge through ant. medulla.
|
|
Pons ventral
|
only visable ventrally-bordered by sup. pontine sulcus, inf. pontine sulcus, brachium pontis, pyramidal tracts, trigeminal
|
|
Superior pontine sulcus
|
ventral-separates pons from midbrain.
|
|
Inferior pontine sulcus
|
ventrally-separate pons from the medulla oblongata
|
|
Brachium pontis
|
anterior-large mass of transverse fibers to carry info to cerebellum-wraps around to for middle cerebellar peduncles
|
|
pyramidal tracts
|
fiber emer on ant. portion of medulla
|
|
trigeminal
|
exits pon on the lateral surface
|
|
Medulla ventral
|
pyramid, ventral median sulcus, decussation of pyramids, ventral lateral sulcus, olive, inf. olivary nucleus, abducen, cerebellopontine angle, facial nerve, vestibulocochlear, glossalpharyngeal, vagus, spinal acces, hypoglossal
|
|
Pyramids
|
come from pons emerege on ventral surface of medulla
|
|
ventral median sulcus
|
separates pyamids
|
|
decussation of pyramids
|
crossing of pyramids @ median sulcus
|
|
ventral lateral sulcus
|
lateral to pyramids
|
|
olive
|
bulge produced by underlying nuclei on either side of medulla
|
|
Abducen
|
attaches to sup. portion of each pyrmid, inferior to sup pontine sulcus
|
|
cerebellopontine angle
|
junct where medulla pons and cerebellum meet
|
|
facial nerve
|
emerges from cerebllopontine angle
|
|
vestibulocochlear
|
emerges from cerebellopontine angle
|
|
glossalpharyngeal
|
emergest lateral to the olive
|
|
vagus
|
emerges lateral to olive and inf. to glossopharyngeal
|
|
spinal acces.
|
lateral to olive
|
|
hypoglossal
|
bt pyramid and olive
|
|
Midbrain dorsal
|
Corpra quadrigemina-superior colliculi and inferior colliculi, nucleus cuneatus, internal arcuate fibers
|
|
Corpra quadrigemina
|
midbrain dorsal made of superior colliculi-vision and inferior colliculi-audition
|
|
Dorsal Pons
|
covered by cerebellar penduncles, sup.peduncle, middle peduncles,inf.peduncles, trochlear, floor of 4th vent, median sulcus, medial emminence, sulcus limitans facial colliculi, hypoglossal trigone, vagal trigone
|
|
Sup. peduncle
|
outgoing pathways info leaving cerbellum toward cerebrum dorsal
|
|
middle peduncle
|
info from the pons to cerebellum-dorsal
|
|
inf. peduncle
|
connect cerebellum to medulla msg. ascending from spinal cord->cerebellum sense info-dorsal
|
|
trochlear
|
dorsal and lateral exit from cerebellopotine angle
|
|
floor of 4th vent.
|
dorsal-bt brainstem and cerebellum
|
|
median sulcus
|
separate 4th vent. dorsal
|
|
medial emminence
|
lateral to median sulcus dorsal
|
|
sulcus limitans
|
lateral to emminence dorsal
|
|
facial colliculi
|
swelling for underying nuclei of abducen and facial-dorsal
|
|
hypoglossal trigone
|
inf. to facial colliculi-swelling for hypoglossal-dorsal
|
|
vagal trigone
|
nuceli of vagus dorsal
|
|
Medulla dorsal
|
doral median sulcus, dorsal intermediate sulcus, ventral dorsal sulcus, fsciculas gracilis, fasciculus cuneatus, gracile tubercle, nucleus gracili, nucleus cuneatus, internal arcuate fibers
|
|
doral median sulcus
|
divides medulla
|
|
dorsal intermediate sulcus
|
lateral to dorsal median
|
|
ventral dorsal sulcus
|
lateral dorsal intermediate
|
|
fasciculus gracilis
|
axonal fibers on either side of midline-carries sense info from lower body extremities-dorsal medulla
|
|
fasciculus cuneatus
|
carries sense info from upper portion of the body-dorsal medulla
|
|
gracile tubercle
|
caused by underlying nucleus fo fasciculus gracilus dorsal medulla-dorsal medulla
|
|
nucleus gracilis
|
synapes of gracilis and cellbodies-dorsal medulla
|
|
cuneate tubercle
|
caused by underlying nucleus of cuneatus-dorsal medulla
|
|
nucleus cuneatus
|
synapse of the cuneatus and cell bodies-dorsal medulla
|
|
internal arcuate fibers
|
decussation of fibers that ascend to form medial lemniscous heading toward thalamus
|
|
Cerebellum location
|
little brain posterior to brain stem sep. from brainstem by 4th ventricle
|
|
Cerebellum function
|
quality control move. makes move. precise, optimize movement by sensing it to cerebrum for modification
|
|
Cerebellum parts
|
Cerebellar peduncles, cortex, vermis, primary fissure, posterolateral fissure, floccunlonodular lobe, lateral zone, intermediate zone, spinocerebrum
|
|
Cerebellar peduncles
|
superior, middle, inferior peduncles
|
|
superior peduncles attachement
|
attaches cerebellum to midbrain
|
|
middle peduncle attachment
|
attaches cerebellum to pons
|
|
inferior penduncle
|
attaches cerebellum to medulla
|
|
cortex
|
sheets of grey matter that cover the cerebellum
|
|
vermis
|
central portion of the cerebellum that connects the two hemis.
|
|
primary fissure
|
in cerebellum separates anterior lobe and posterior lobe
|
|
posterolateral fissure
|
separates the posterior lobe and flocculonodular lobe in cerebellum
|
|
flocculonodular lobe
|
receives info from the vestibular system about head position in cerebellum
|
|
lateral zone
|
send info out about planning and time of motor move. through sup. penducles-cerebellum
|
|
spinocerebellum
|
vermis and intermediat zone from spinal cord to cerebellum through inf. peduncles and send to sup. peduncles-to cerebrum for fine motor move
|
|
Spinal Cord Gross Anatomy
|
Sulci, Conus Medularis, Cauda equina
|
|
Sulci
|
sulci of the medulla that continue to form: ventral median sulcus, ventral lateral sulcus, dorsal median sulcus, dorsal intermediate sulcus, dorsal lateral sulcus
|
|
conus medularis
|
termination point of the spinal cord
|
|
cauda equina
|
collection of nerves past conus medularis that branch off to ennervate different parts of the body
|
|
spinal cord
|
16"-18" long 1 cm around larger around in cervical and lumbar terminates @ L2
|
|
Internal Organization Spinal Cord
|
White matter, gray matter, central canal
|
|
White matter spinal cord
|
anterior funiculus, lateral funiculus, dorsal funiculus
|
|
Anterior funiculus
|
white matter in spinal cord carries descending motor info
|
|
lateral funiculus
|
white matter in spinal cord carries sense and motor info
|
|
dorsal funiculus
|
white matter in spinal cord carries ascending info
|
|
Gray matter of spinal cord
|
anterior and posterior horns
|
|
Anterior horns of spinal cord
|
motor fibers course through descending
|
|
Posterir horns of spinal cord
|
sense fibers course through ascending
|
|
central canal
|
continuation of the 4th vent.-potential space
|
|
Spinal Nerves (PNS)
|
31 pairs Mixed Nerves, ventral root, dorsal root
|
|
mixed nerves
|
contain sense and motor fibers
|
|
ventral root
|
exit ant. horns of spinal cord contain motor fibers
|
|
dorsal root
|
exit posterior horns of spinal cord contain sense fibers
|
|
Simple arc reflex
|
stim->receptor->sense neuron->post. horn->assoc. neuron->motor neuron->ant. horn->effector
|
|
spinothalamic
|
sends sense info from spinal cord to thalamus
|
|
spinocerebellar
|
sends sense info to ascending spinal to cerebellum
|
|
lateral corticospinal
|
sends motor info from cortex to spinal cord-contralateral fibers that crossed in medulla
|
|
anterocorticospinal
|
non-crossed fibers from medulla to spinal cord-motor
|
|
cortex of cerebrum
|
sheets of gray matter 1 cm thick-non-homogenous-made up of many different neurons-by appearance and firing patterns
|
|
Cortex organization
|
Laminar, columnar
|
|
laminar organization of cerebrum
|
neocortex, allocortex
|
|
neocortex
|
laminar organization-90% of cerebrum 6 layers 6 deepest-runs parallel to brain-each layer has diff. function
|
|
allocortex
|
limbic system-3 layers of neurons-older found in all animals-scattered all over brain-ascending from thalamus
|
|
columnar oragnization
|
perpendicular to laminar-homogenous 4,000 neurons for each column-develp based on exposure-very specific function
|
|
Deep Nuclei of Cerebrum
|
Corpus Striatum, Amygdala, Claustrum
|
|
corpus striatum
|
Caudate Nucleus and Lenticular nucleus-Deep nuclei
|
|
Caudate nucleus
|
Makes up wall of lateral vent. loops up and over the other nucleus-part of corpus striatum
|
|
Lenticular nucleus
|
Putamen and Globus Pallidus-part of corpus striatum
|
|
Putamen
|
Lateral to the globus pallidus-part of lenticular nucleus
|
|
Globus Pallidus
|
Medial to putamen-part of lenticular nucleus
|
|
Amygdala
|
part of deep nuclei-termination of the caudate in temporal lobe part of limbic system
|
|
Claustrum
|
lateral to the putamen-deep nuclei of cerebrum
|
|
Basal Ganglia
|
caudate nuclei, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, subthalamic nuclei-store motor memory
|
|
White Matter
|
mylenation of brain-during first year-11-12 years-helps with efficiency of neural impulses
|
|
White Matter make up
|
Association Fibers, Commisural fibers, projection fibers, corona radiata, internal capsule, external capsule, extreme capsule
|
|
Association Fibers
|
short association fibers and long association fibers-transmit info within same hemisphere
|
|
short association fibers
|
connect adjacent gyri
|
|
long association fibers
|
connect one cortex with another-ie-broca's to wernicke's by arculate faciculus.
|
|
Commissural fibers
|
connect two hemispheres-bridge of white matter-corpus callosum and ant. and post. commisures
|
|
copus callosum
|
largest commissural fiber-c shaped-Genu, splenium, body
|
|
genu of corpus callosum
|
knee-anterior portion
|
|
splenium
|
Posterior portion of corpus callosum
|
|
body
|
bt splenium and genu of corpus callosum
|
|
Projection fibers
|
connect cortex of cerebrum with inf. structures. corticopedal and corticofugal
|
|
corticopedal
|
projection fibers-ascending sense fibers from lower structures to cortex of cerebrum
|
|
Anterior and posterior commsisures
|
connect specific areas in brain w/ others
|
|
corticofugal
|
descdning cortex w/ structures below-ultimate synapse w/ anterior horn of spinal cord
|
|
corona radiata
|
across the surface of cortex of cerebrum-fan-move toward lobes of brain and bundle to pass through internal capsule
|
|
Internal capsule
|
V-shaped-form head of caudate, lnticular nucleaus and thalamus-anterior limb, genu, posterior,limb, sublenticular portion, retrolenticular portion
|
|
Anterio limbe
|
formed bt head of caudate and lenticular nucleus-carries mostly descending fibers-motor
|
|
Genu of internal capsule
|
mostly ascending-corticopedal
|
|
sublenticular potion
|
below lenticular nucleus-from medial geniculat->auditory corext in temporal
|
|
retrolenticular portion
|
posteriorly to lenticular-from lateral geniculart->visual cortex in occipital
|
|
External capsule
|
bt the lenticular nucleus and claustrum-white matter
|
|
Extreme capsule
|
lateral to claustrum and medial to insular cortex
|
|
lateral ventricles
|
pass through all lobes of brain-filled with CSF-anterior horn, body,posterior horn, inferior horn
|
|
anterior horn of lateral vent
|
frontal lobe
|
|
body of lateral ventricles
|
parietal lobe
|
|
posterior horn of lateral vent.
|
occipital
|
|
inferior horn of lateral vent.
|
temporal
|
|
diencephalon internal
|
ascending info must go through the thalamus and sent to senses-descending info must go through thalamus and snd to motot-on top of brain stem
|
|
Thalamus internal
|
made up of a cluster of nuclei internal medullary lamina, thalamic nuclei-ipsilateral
|
|
Internal medullary lamina
|
sheet of white matter y shaped in thalamusdivdes into meidal, lateral, anterior, centromedian,
|
|
Thalamic nuclei
|
nucleus with in internal medullary lamina specific nuclei, association nuclei, and nonspecific nuclei
|
|
specific nuclei
|
thalamic nuclei that receives info from single location and pass to a specific location
|
|
Association nuclei
|
thalamic nuclei that receives info from many locations and projects them to many location-integrating
|
|
non-specific nuclie
|
thalamic nuclei receive info from many location, but also send info within thalamus
|
|
Hypothalamus internal function
|
motor system, autonomic nervous system, limbic system, and endorcrine system
|
|
Hypothalamus motor
|
bias and modulart-changes way certain behavior are executed
|
|
Autonomic Nervous system in hypothalamus
|
regularet interanl milieu of body-homeostsis-responsible for automatic functions-sympathetic and parasympathetic
|
|
Sympathetic ANS
|
Response to immediate threat,mobilize body in face of danger-fight/flight
|
|
Parasympathetic ANS
|
helps revitalize body during rest
|
|
Limbic System
|
internal hypothalamus-link from hypo provides w/ emotion and helps express emotion, attn. memory and alertness, helps modify behavior
|
|
endocrine stystem
|
pitutary gland-direct effect of hormones in body
|
|
Internal subthalamus
|
receives direct projection from motor cortex-facilitates and inhibits movement
|
|
epithalamus internal
|
process light and dark-responsible for sleep wake cycles
|
|
Internal brainstem
|
made of tegmental and non-tegmental structures
|
|
tegmentum
|
cont. core of brainstem: pair of nuceli for each CN, tracts carrying info to and from spinal cord, other tracts, other nuclei, reticular formation, red nucleus, substantia nigra
|
|
reticular formation
|
nuclei and dendrites diffuse, serve particular funct. integ of sense info-how much stim, filter, deter what to pay attn. to-part of tegmentum
|
|
red nucleus
|
paired nuclei in tegmentum of midbrain-largest nuclei at that level-descending tracts to form rubrospinal-motor coordination of upper arms and shoulders babies learn to crawl
|
|
substantia nigra
|
in tegmentum part of basal ganglia-communicate w/ telencephalon-supply deep nuclei w/ dopamine.
|
|
Non tegmental structure
|
tectum, cerebral peduncles, ventral pons, pyramids
|
|
Non tegmental structure-tectum
|
everything posterior to cerebroaqueduct-periaqueducktal gray and corpra quadrigemina
|
|
periaqueductal gray
|
surround the creebral aqueduct-involve in processing of fear and reaction to threats
|
|
Major Neuron Parts
|
Cell body, axon, terminal button, dendrites, synapse
|
|
axon
|
as leaves cell doy enlarges @ axohilic-snds info-can be a yard long@ end biforcate to communicate w/ a lot of neurons
|
|
Terminal button
|
chemical are release at end of asxon-sca of neurotransmitters-vesicles
|
|
dendrites
|
receive infro-biforcate-to connect w/ many different neurons @ once project off cell body
|
|
Synapse
|
two neurons communicate-where chemicals are released-neurotransmitter: presynsaptic membrane and postspresynaptic membraneynapic membrane
|
|
postspresynaptic membrane
|
axon presents postsynapitc membrane
|
|
postsynapitc membrane
|
dendrites presents
|
|
Internal structures of neuron
|
nucleus, cytoplasm, micro organelles
|
|
nucleus of neuron
|
control center w/ cytoplasm make up protoplasm
|
|
cytoplasm
|
liquid inside neuron with nucleus make up protoplasm
|
|
micro organelles
|
nourish provide energy and sustain life of neuron
|
|
Cell wall of nucleus
|
liquid like proteins and lipids-open pores, chemically gated channel, voltage gated channel
|
|
Open pores of cell wall
|
passive transmission prous to allow for passage of certain molecules-selective-across whole neuron
|
|
chemically gated channel
|
active transmission when chemically stimulated slectve-must be stimuls-
|
|
voltage gated channel
|
active transmission-electrically stim. to open channels on axons and axon hilic
|
|
Neurotransmitter
|
chemicals-golgi apparatus produces-contained in vesicles merge w/ membrane of axon released into next adjacent neuron over synapse
|
|
Myelin
|
made of flial cells-wrap around axon many times about 20 insulate and protect-increase speed of transmission
|
|
Nodes of Ranvier
|
gaps in myelin voltage gauge channel
|