1E. S3/b2 Neuro Cortex

Front 1

Brodman's numbers for Broca's and Wernike's areas?

Back 1

Broca's = 44,45

Wernike = 22,39,40

Front 2

Brodman's ears and eyes?

Back 2

Auditory = 41,42

Visual = 17

Front 3

Brodman's somatosensory, motor and premotor?

Back 3

Somatosensory = 1,2,3

Motor = 4

Premotor = 6

Front 4

Brodman's voluntary lateral gaze, and visual association?

Back 4

Frontal eye field = 8

Visual association = 18,19, and 20

Front 5

What are comissural fibers?

Back 5

1. They are the fibers that connect the two hemispheres
2. The corpus callosum, anterior and posterior fornix

Front 6

What is the arcuate fasciculus?

Back 6

The short association fibers connecting the Broca's and Wernike's areas

Front 7

What are short and long association fibers?

Back 7

1. They are connections in the 2 hemispheres
2. The short connect the gyrus
3. The long connect the lobes

Front 8

What are the projection fibers?
AKA?

Back 8

1. Afferent and efferent fibers that connect the cortex with the brainstem
2. CST,CBT,STT etc...
3. AKA subcortical

Front 9

What are intracortical fibers?

Back 9

1. Horizontal axons in layer one of the cortex

Front 10

What are the Genu and Splenium also known as?

Back 10

1. Forceps Minor and Major

Front 11

How many layers do the old and new brains have?

Back 11

1. New brain = cortex 6 layers
2. Old brain = 3 layers in the cerebellum, olfactory, hippocampus

Front 12

What do cortical layers 2 mostly 4 do?

Back 12

1. The Granule layers are the sensory layers. VPL, VPM, STT, DCML enter the post central gyrus and end here

Front 13

What do cortical layers 3, and 5 do?

Back 13

1. They are the motor layers. All motor axons end here in the pyramidal axons.

Front 14

What is cortical layer 1 for?

Back 14

1. It contains the horizontal cells that connect the cortex together.

Front 15

What does cortical layer 6 do?

Back 15

1. It is the multiform layer that does a lot of things.

Front 16

What are Betz cells?(2)

Back 16

1. The big mama jama neural cells that are visible to human eye.
2. The give off a substantial portion of the EEG

Front 17

What fibers are found in cortical layer 1?(2)

Back 17

1. RF afferent fibers
2. They hit the horizontal cells and shut down the cortex for sleep

Front 18

What fibers are found in the external granule layer 2?

Back 18

1. It receives the callosal and association afferent fibers

Front 19

What fibers are found in the external pyrammidal layer 3?

Back 19

1. The association and comissural fibers begin here

Front 20

What fibers are found in the internal granule layer 4?

Back 20

1. Afferents from the thalamic nuclei, the endpoints of the sensory neurons

Front 21

What fibers originate in the internal pyrammidal layer 5?

Back 21

1. The origin of the CST, CBT and all motor fibers

Front 22

What are the heterotypical regions of the cortex?

Back 22

1. some layers are bigger than others
2.Granular 2 and 4 = sensory
3. Agranular 3 and 5 = motor

Front 23

How are the layers of the cortex functionally arranged?

Back 23

1. In columns connected by horizontal cells

Front 24

What are PET scans?

Back 24

1. Positron Emmision Tomography
2. Functional imaging of the brain

Front 25

What are the functional specificities of the Dominant hemisphere?(4)

Back 25

1. English (Spoken and written language)
2. Math and Science
3. sign language
4. Reasoning

Front 26

What are the functional specifications for the non-dominant hemisphere?(4)

Back 26

1. Muscial and artistic awareness
2. Space and pattern perception
3. Face and Emotional
5. Generating mental images to compare spatial relationships

Front 27

Why cut the corpus callosum, and side effect?

Back 27

1. It is done to alleviate seizures
2. There is a eye/language disconnect on the non-dominant side

Front 28

What is an aphasia?

Back 28

The loss of a previously held ability to speak or understand language.

Front 29

Is Wernike's Aphasia receptive or expressive?
What's the location and problem when speak?

Back 29

1. It's a receptive apahsia
2. A word salad( Wernike's is wordy, but makes no sesnse)
3. Location 22,39,40 superior temporal

Front 30

Is Broca's Aphasia receptive or expressive?
What is the location and the problem?

Back 30

1. Broca's is an expressive aphasia
2. Problem with the motor area of speech, thoughts into words(Broca's Boca is Broken)
3. Inferior frontal gyrus sections 44,45

Front 31

What is a conduction apahsia?
What is lesioned?

Back 31

1. A problem with repitition
2. The arcuate fasiculus is lesioned so there is a problem between comprehension and motor

Front 32

Describe the repitition reflex/.

Back 32

1. In one ear and out the mouth
2. Common easily repeated phrases require no understanding

Front 33

What is a dysprosody?

Back 33

A type of speech or comprehension problem that arises from the non-dominant hemisphere

Front 34

What is Broca's dysprosody?

Back 34

1. It is an expressive disorder that takes emotion out of your voice
2. Ben Stein's Broca

Front 35

What is Werninke's dysprosody?

Back 35

1. Emotional understanding disorder

Front 36

What is transcortical motor aphasa, and where is it?

Back 36

1.Speech production is bad, but the repetition reflex is intact
2. Broca's watershed area

Front 37

What is transcortical sensory apahsia?

Back 37

1. Speech is 90% but understanding and repetition is bad
2. Tendency to substitute words like apple for orange
3. near wernike's

Front 38

What is global aphasia?

Back 38

1.Both broc's and wernike's areas are damaged
2. Impaired speech comprehension and repetition

Front 39

How permenant are aphasia?

Back 39

1. Smaller strokes and people can easily rewire
2. The deeper the damage to these area the harder to recover

Front 40

What is balint's syndrome and why is it uncommon?

Back 40

1. Uncommon occulomotor impairment, cannot use eyes to guide hands through movements
2. The gaze tends to fixate
3. Bilateral lesions to parietal and occipital lobes

Front 41

What is optic ataxia?

Back 41

You are unable to move hands towards an object by visual guidance

Front 42

What is optic apraxia?

Back 42

Cannot control visual fixation

Front 43

What is an apraxia?

Back 43

1. The inability to control voluntary mvt without being paralyzed

Front 44

What is simultagnosia and how to test for it?

Back 44

1. inability to recognized one or more objects at the same time
2. Test for bilateral stimulation and you can only feel one

Front 45

What is agnosia?

Back 45

1. Inability to interpret sensory stimuli
2. Not Knowing

Front 46

What is anosognosia

Back 46

1. Inability to recognize you have a Dz

Front 47

What is Autotopagnosia?

Back 47

1. Not know a part of the body

Front 48

What is Statognosis?

Back 48

1. Not knowing spatial postioning

Front 49

What is astereognosis?

Back 49

1. Not knowing an object by touch

Front 50

What is auditory agnosia?

Back 50

1. Not being able to recognize sounds

Front 51

What is Prosopagnosia?

Back 51

1. Not being able to recognize faces

Front 52

What areas are damaged in an apraxia?

Back 52

1. Parietal or frontal lobes, that have the blueprints for ingrained practices

Front 53

What is a praxis?

Back 53

1. A complete and purposeful motor act
2. Requires the parietal and frontal lobes to execute

Front 54

What is ideomotor apraxia?

Back 54

1. Inability to pantomime a tool when asked
2. Brush hair with hand
3. Parietal lobe

Front 55

What is ideational apraxia?

Back 55

1. Cannot perform a series of movements
2. Knows the movements but forgets the tool
3. Parietal lobe

Front 56

What is facial apraxia?

Back 56

1. Cannot perform facial or oral motor acts on command, like lick the lips
2. Parietal

Front 57

What is Constructional apraxia?

Back 57

1. Cannot draw simple objects
2. ND parietal

Front 58

What is dressing apraxia?

Back 58

1. Cannot dress
2. often with neglect
3. ND parietal

Front 59

What is lid opening apraxia?

Back 59

1. Cannot voluntarily open the eyes
2. ND parietal or frontal

Front 60

What is frontal lobe syndrome?(6)

Back 60

5 P's
Personality
Planning
Perseveration
Primitive reflexes
Pussy footing

Front 61

What is abulia?

Back 61

The loss of ability to perform voluntary actions

Front 62

What does the prefrontal cortex do?(2)

Back 62

1. It is the decisive problem solver of the brain(The General)
2. It contains the working memory(Template of past) to guide your actions

Front 63

What are areas 4 and 6? Where are they located?
What do they contribute to?

Back 63

1. 4 is the primary motor cortex
2. 6 is the premotor cortex
3. Both agranular
4. Both contribute to CST

Front 64

What happens if you damage the premotor or primary cortex?

Back 64

1. Damage the premotor and you lose flexion and extension in the extremeties
2. Damage the primary and you lose contralateral voluntary muscle

Front 65

What does damage to area 17 cause?

Back 65

1. Visual field deficits
2. Hemianopia

Front 66

What does damage to area 18 and 19 cause?

Back 66

1. Visual hallucination

Front 67

What is area 39?

Back 67

The angular gyrus or the visual association cortex

Front 68

What is Gerstman's syndrome?

Back 68

1. Damage to angular gyrus area 39
2. Blindness
3. R to L confusion
4. Finger agnosia
5. Agraphia and dyscalcula

Front 69

What cortex problems tend to go with the dominant hemisphere?(4)

Back 69

1. Apraxia
2. Aphasia
3. Gerstman
4. Agraphia

Front 70

What cortex problems tend to go with the ND hemisphere?(4)

Back 70

1. Dysprosody
2. Neglext
3. Anosognosia
4. Constructional apraxia

Front 71

What is alzheimer's characterized by what nucleus, and NT?
What are other brain symptoms?

Back 71

1. ACh neuron degeneration, in the Meynert Nucleus Basalis
2.Beta amyloid plaques
3. Neurofibrillary tangles

Front 72

What lobe atrophy's first in ALZ Dz, and how can you tell?

Back 72

1. The temporal lobe where the language and memory are located

Front 73

What is Binswanger's subcortical encephalopathy?

Back 73

1. A reasonable D/D for Alz
2. Progressive dementia, ridgidity and gate problems
3. Follows Hypertension

Front 74

What 2 syndromes are associated with dominant hemisphere's frontal/parietal lobe?

Back 74

1. Apraxia
2. Aphasia

Front 75

What syndrome affects the dominant inferior parietal lobe(18/19)?

Back 75

1. Gerstman's syndrome

Front 76

What syndrome affects the dominant angular gyrus?

Back 76

1. Agraphia

Front 77

What is stereognosis and what are of the brain does it effect?

Back 77

1. The ability to perceive objects by touch
2. Damaged in the parietal lobe of either hemisphere

Front 78

What syndromes often occur together in the inferior parietal, parietoccipital areas?

Back 78

1. Dysprosody(emotion exp or comp)
2. Neglect

Front 79

What 2 syndromes are associated with dominant hemisphere's frontal/parietal lobe?

Back 79

1. Apraxia
2. Aphasia

Front 80

What syndrome affects the dominant inferior parietal lobe(18/19)?

Back 80

1. Gerstman's syndrome

Front 81

What syndrome affects the dominant angular gyrus?

Back 81

1. Agraphia

Front 82

What is stereognosis and what are of the brain does it effect?

Back 82

1. The ability to perceive objects by touch
2. Damaged in the parietal lobe of either hemisphere

Front 83

What syndromes often occur together in the inferior parietal, parietoccipital areas?

Back 83

1. Anosognosia
2. Neglect

Front 84

What two apraxias occur in the inf. parietal area of the ND hemisphere?

Back 84

1. Constructional
2. Dressing

Front 85

What is dysprosody and where does it occur?

Back 85

1. Lack of emotional speech or understanding
2. In the ND frontal/temporal/parietal

Front 86

What syndromes typically affect both hemispheres and where?

Back 86

1. Prosopagnosia (inf. Temporal)
2. Auditory agnosia(sup. temporal)