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55 Cards in this Set

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Harlem, NYC
the center of the African American political, cultural, and artistic movement in the 1920s and early 1930s; became center for African american middle class
Great Migration
the movement of hundreds of thousands of African Americans from rural areas in the South to urban areas in both the North and South
Growing African American Middle Class
developed as a result of improved educational and employment opportunities for African Americans.
Du Bois
author of the souls of black folks and was one of the founders of the NAACP believed artistic and literary work could be used as a form of propaganda to help combat racial sterotypes and gain new respect for the race. also believd in the talented tenth and absolute equality for technical training of the black masses.
The Crisis
a journal published by the NAACP used to share the literary works of African Americans
Marcus Gravey
pushed for the "Black to Africa" movement.
the Croix de Guerre
was rewarded to the 369th "Hell Fighters" for gallantry in battle and returned to the U.S. as heroes to African Americans.
Red Summer of 1919
in response to the gains by African Americans, many whites fought back during the summer of 1919. There were 25 major race riots and at least 83 African Americans were lynched. The KKK held over 200 meetings to increase enrollment.
Claude McKay
an African American poet during the 1920s who memorialized the bloody summer of 1919 with the poem, "If We Must Die," which was published in the magazine Liberator
Government Policy
Republicans held the Presidency from 1921 to 1933 and during that time, they enacted pro-business policies.
Andrew Mellon
a member of the Republican Party who served as Secretary of Treasury under presidents Harding, Coolidge and Hoover. From his time in office (1921-32), he followed policies that involved cutting income taxes and reducing public spending.
Cutting income taxes and reducing public spending
favored rapid expansion of capital investment leading to an increase in the buying of stocks by more people and business growth.
Mass Production
the manufacturing of large quantities of a standard product; the phrase first came into common use to describe the production methods of Henry Ford.
Benefits of Mass Production
1. Lowered wages led to reduced cost for customers.
2. Increased job opportunities led to those that did not possess highly specialized skills (farmers, immigrants, women, minorities).
3. Interchangable parts allowed consumers to have broken products fixed at a lower cost.
Modernism and the Harlem Renaissance
blacks viewd surge in art, music and literature as the creation
The Automobile
the increasing popularity of the automobile provided Americans with more freedoms, luxuries and privacy. By 1929, 26 million motor vehicles were registered in the U.S. ( car per 4.9 Americans). The automobile industry provided over 6 million new jobs
The Airplane
invented for practical use until WWI when they "really took off". In 1920, the first transcontinental air route was established between NY and San Francisco.
Charles Lindbergh
By 1927, airplane technology had improved enough to allow Charles Lindbergh to fly solo across the Atlantic Ocean.
KDKA
the first voice-carrying radio station that began broadcasting in Pittsburgh, PA.
Advertisement
As the number of new products increased, the industry of advertising found new methods to sell perchandise. Advertisers used persuasion, play, seduction and sex appeal.
The Man Nobody Knows
a book by Bruce Barton in 1925 that claimed that Jesus Christ was the perfect salesman and that advertisers should study his techniques.
Sports
with the advent of the radio and an increase in leisure time, sports such as baseball, boxing and football gained in popularity.
Babe Ruth
baseball took advantage of the popularity of Babe Ruth and went through a Golden Age.
Jack Dempsey
became a household name, partly due to the coverage of his fights received on the radio
Alcohol illegalization
With the passage of the 18th Amendment, alcohol became illegal in the U.S. Although many people violated this law, personal savings accounts increased and worker absenteeism decreased.
John Dewey
professor at Columbia University; believed that education should be based on "learning by doing" and the "education for life" should be a primary goal of schools.
Darwins Theory of Evolution
made many creationists upset because it challenged their religious beliefs. A Tennessee school challenged a law forbidding the teaching of evolution and a court case ensued. The case became a media event as William Jennings Bryant assisted the prosecution and Clarence Darrow, a famous attorney, represented the defense.
Foreign Policy (July 1921)
(July 1921) the U.S. passed a joint resolution in Congress officially ending the war against Germany.
Five Power Naval Treaty (1922)
limited the numbers of tonnage of battleships and aircraft carriers that could be built by five superpowers; U.S., Britian, Japan, France, Italy and the Middle East.
Charles Evans Hughes
the Secretary of State who secured rights for American oil companies to share its exploitation of the region.
Four Power Treaty (1921)
Japan, Britian, France and the U.S. agreed to maintain status quo in Pacific.
Nine Power Treaty (1922)
preserved the sovereignty of China.
Kellogg-Briand Pact (Pact of Paris)
Secretary of State Frank Kellogg won the Nobel Prize for his role in establishing this treaty that said all nations signing would no longer use war for offensive purposes.
Economic Bubble
The rapid expansion of capital investment, and the increase in the buying of stocks by more people that spurred business growth eventually backfired on the economy. The economic system was built on "fragile credit" through overspeculation and buying on margin.
Buying on Margin
allows an investor to purchase stock using the money of the brokers instead of his/her own money. When the stock goes up, they sell it off, paying back the broker and keeping the profits.
Deskilling
term used by labor supporters to describe mass production techniques; knowledge of how to run a factory and the production process is taken out of the hands of skilled craftsmen and put into the hands of the managers and machine markers. Jobs become more repetitive and boring while alienating workers, wages dropped.
Negative aspects of the Automobile
Early safety measures were ineffective or non-existent, leading to many serious injuries or death as a result of accidents. By 1951, 1,000,000 had died as a result of the automobile. More than the total number of Americans killed in all previous wars combined.
Isolationism
Several factors led to many in the U.S. to favor policies that decreased the role of the country in world affairs.
Wartime Casualties
the high number of casualties and the total devastation of the war made many question whether or not the U.S. should be willing to get involved in European affairs.
Economic Recession
a short, but severe recession hit the country as the economy adjusted to returning vets, a shifting from wartime goods to peacetime goods, and a higher standard of living.
Communisim
the "red scare" of 1919-1920 swept across America as a small communist party formed and strikes became common across America.
"Fighting Quaker"
Attorney General Palmer led a crusade against leftists with suspet allegiance, 6000 suspects were held. December 1919: 249 alien radicals deported to Russia on the ship Buford. September 1920: Hysteria by bomb on Wall Street.
Criminal Syndicalism laws
Several states passed these laws by mere advocacy of violence for social change was criminalized.
Socialists
5 NY legislators were denied seats in 1920 because of their political party.
Conservative business owners
used "scare" against labor: "open" shop was "American Plan".
Sacco & Vanzetti
1921: many regarded the conviction of Sacco and Vanzetti as a "judicial lynching" because they were Italians, atheists, anarchists, and dragt dodgers.
Ku Klux Klan
During the 1920s, the KKK had been all but wiped out during Reconstruction, they underwent a large-scale revival and was more "nativist" than just anti-black. At peak in mid-20s, it had 5 million members with large political influence, especially in the Midwest and South. They used secrecy, parades, lynchings, burnings of crosses, rally songs and other events to advance their agenda.
The KKK Colapse
Suddenly in the late 1920s. Terror tactics eventually turned off most Americans and embezzlement (stealing money) became widespread throughout the organization. Congressional investigations proved that the organzation was a membership fee racket.
Immigration
After the war, "new" immigration pattern resumed but based more on isolationist ideas.
Emergency Quota Act of 1921
restricted immigration to 3% of nationality living in U.S. as of 1910 - relatively favorable to new immigrant groups such as Mexicans and Germans.
Immigration Act of 1924
the EQA was placed by this act in 1921 to cut the quota to 2% and based it on the 1890 population. It also barred any Japanese Immigration, but exempted Canadians and Latin Americans for work purposes. By 1931, more foreigners left the U.S. than arrived. Union organization and membership was difficult.
19th Amendment
the manufacture, sale and transportation of alcohol was prohibited in the U.S. Prohibitionists overlooked the strong U.S. traditions for alcohol and exposed the fact that laws must be based on moral consensus.
Problems with Prohibition
1. After sacrifices made during WWI, many Americans were unwilling to make sacrifices such as giving up alcohol.
2. There were widespread reports that Congressmen were still consuming alcohol.
3. Soldiers returning from war disapproved.
4. Lower class citizens became angry that they lost their ability to drink beer while the upper classes could afford to buy illicit alcohol.
5. The challenge to break the law became popular itself.
6. Law enforcement was understaffed, susceptible to bribery and often used violent tactics.
Other impacts of Prohibtion
Hard liqour gained in popularity because it was easier to smuggle. Diplomatic relations were strained with Canada as U.S. border agents were overzealous.
Profits from Alcohol
led to rise of criminal gangs who competed for alcohol market: used violence and bribery of the police. Gang wars of Chicago in 1920s saw over 550 murders with very few arrests or convictions.