18 - The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels

Front 1

Location in blood vessels where gas exchange takes place.

Back 1

The capillaries.

Front 2

A collection of blood vessels that feed the outside of the blood vessel.

Back 2

Vasa Vasorum.

Front 3

Vasa Vasorum.

Back 3

A collection of blood vessels that feed the outside of the blood vessel.

Front 4

The difference between artery and vein structure.

Back 4

Veins have valves and arteries have a thicker tunica media.

Front 5

Continuous Capillaries.

Back 5

These are the most common type of capillary. Contain tight junctions.

Front 6

Blood brain barrier capillaries.

Back 6

These continuous capillaries have tight junctions that are complete and extend the whole length of the capillaries.

Front 7

Fenestrated capillaries.

Back 7

The capillaries are permeable, found in the intestines, hormone producing tissues, and the kidneys.

Front 8

Sinusoidal capillaries.

Back 8

These capillaries are the only ones with incomplete basement membranes.

Front 9

Sinusoidal capillary location.

Back 9

These capillaries are found in the lyphoid tissues, liver, and bone marrow.

Front 10

Continuous capillary location.

Back 10

These capillaries are found in the skin and muscles.

Front 11

Microcirculation.

Back 11

The flow of blood between arterioles and venules.

Front 12

Capillary beds.

Back 12

Interweaving networks of capillaries.

Front 13

The two types of vessels found in a capillary bed.

Back 13

1. Metarterioles (vascualr shunt)
2. True capillaries

Front 14

Venules

Back 14

These vary in structure as they progress away from the capillaries.

Front 15

Veins

Back 15

These have all all three tunics but have thinner walls and appear collapsed in histo slides. Known as the blood reservoirs.

Front 16

Varicose Veins.

Back 16

These are veins that have become dilated and tortuous because of incomplete (leaky) valves.

Front 17

Blood Flow.

Back 17

The volume of blood flowing through a vessel, organ, or circulation at any given time. Equal to CO.

Front 18

Blood Pressure.

Back 18

The force per unit area exerted on a vessel wall by the contained blood flow.

Front 19

Resistance.

Back 19

The opposition to flow. Also known as tPR.

Front 20

Three contributing factors to resistance in blood vessels.

Back 20

1. Blood viscosity
2. Total blood vessel length
3. Blood vessel diameter

Front 21

MAP

Back 21

Mean atrial Pressure

Front 22

MAP = diastolic pressure + pulse pressure/3

Back 22

MAP formula.

Front 23

Three functional adaptions to help venous return.

Back 23

1. Respiratory pump
2. Musclular pump
3. Smooth muscle cells under SNS control.

Front 24

Direct actions of the kidney.

Back 24

Blood pressure control by this organ is called __________ and it altertering volume independant of hormones by filtering based on pressure.

Front 25

Indirect actions of the kidney.

Back 25

BP control by this organ is called __________ and involves the hormonal mechanism of angiotensin.

Front 26

Hypotension.

Back 26

Low blood pressure.

Front 27

Orthostatic hypotension.(postural hypotension)

Back 27

A temporary drop in blood pressure when standing up due to blood pooling in the extremities and the SNS not signaling the lower vessels to constrict and send blood back to the heart.

Front 28

Chronic hypotension.

Back 28

Low pressure due to poor nutrition, low viscosity, or addison's disease.

Front 29

Acute hypotension.

Back 29

Low pressure as a sign of circulatory shock.

Front 30

Hypertension.

Back 30

The silent killer that causes heart disease, renal failure, stroke, and vascular disease.

Front 31

Primary (essential) hypertension.

Back 31

This form of high blood pressure has many factors and is the most common form.

Front 32

Secondary hypertension.

Back 32

This form of high blood pressure is the result of a disease, usually the result of a tumor in the adrenal medulla and is cured with surgery. Can also be a sign of cushing's disease, obstructed renal arteries, kidney disease, arterosclerosis, and hyperthyroidism.

Front 33

Primary (essential) hypertension treatments.

Back 33

This is treated and managed with diet, exercise, life style changes, diuretics, calcium channel blockers, beta blockers, ACE inhibitors, and AT1 receptor antagonists.

Front 34

Factors contributing to primary (essential) hypertention.

Back 34

This is caused by many factors inclusing high sodium diet, high cholesteral diet, obesity, gender being male, females after menopause, age over 40, diabetes mellitus, genetics, stress, and smoking.

Front 35

Autoregulation.

Back 35

The automatic adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to that tissues requirments at any instant.

Front 36

Circulatory shock.

Back 36

A condition where there is inadequate blood flow to meet tissue needs.

Front 37

Hypovolemic shock.

Back 37

Most common type of shock. Results from a large loss of blood and a drop in blood volume. Usually follows hemmorrhage, severe vomiting, severe diarrhea, and extensive burns. Thready pulse results do to compensating increased HR. Must replace fluids.

Front 38

Vascular shock.

Back 38

This condition involves normal blood volumes but circulation is poor due to vasodilation resulting in a drop in tPR and MAP.

Front 39

Cardigenic shock.

Back 39

This condition is due to pump failure resulting in an inabilty of the heart to maintain proper circultcirculation. Usually the result of myocardial damage following one or more MIs.

Front 40

Causes of Vascular Shock.

Back 40

This shock is caused by anaphylaxis (allergic reaction leading to vasodilation), loss of nervous system regulation, and septicimia (spetic shock from a bacteria infection).

Front 41

Transient Vascular shock.

Back 41

This condition may happen if you sunbathe too long and the blood vessels vasodilate. When you stand up your blood pressure is too low for blood to reach your brain and dizziness occurs. When vessels constrict and brain gets O2 it passes.

Front 42

Hydrostatic pressure.

Back 42

The force exerted by a fluid pressing against a wall. Also called the capillary BP.

Front 43

Colloid Osmotic pressure.

Back 43

The force opposing hydrostatic pressure created by the presence of nondiffusable plasma proteins that draw water towards them

Front 44

Capillaries have higher hydrostatic pressure at the ______ end.

Back 44

Capillaries have higher __________pressure at the arteriole end.

Front 45

Capillaries have a lower hydrostatic pressure at the _______ end.

Back 45

Capillaries have a __________ hydrostatic pressure at the venous end.

Front 46

The _________ pressure of capillaries remains the same from end to end.

Back 46

The osmotic/oncotic pressure of capillaries ________ from end to end.

Front 47

Net fFiltration Pressure (NFP).

Back 47

This is used to consider whether there is a net gain ot net loss of fuid from the blood.

Front 48

NFP = (HPc - HPif) - (OPc-OPif)

Back 48

Net Filtration Pressure Formula.

Front 49

If HP exceeds OP then fluid is ____ the capillaries.

Back 49

If HP _____ OP then fluid is lost from the capillaries.

Front 50

If HP _______ OP then fluid is lost from the capillaries.

Back 50

If HP exceeds OP then fluid is ____ the capillaries.

Front 51

If OP exceeds HP then fluid is _____ the capillaries.

Back 51

If OP _______ HP then fluid is gained in the capillaries.

Front 52

If OP _______ HP then fluid is gained in the capillaries.

Back 52

If OP exceeds HP then fluid is ______ the capillaries.

Front 53

Exercise hyperemia.

Back 53

The autoregulation of skeletal muscle blood flow when exercising. The SNS releases Epi which attached to beta receptors and dilates vessels.

Front 54

Red (slow oxidative) fibers.

Back 54

The skeletal muscle fibers with more blood flow.

Front 55

White (fast gylcolytic) fibers.

Back 55

The skeletal muscle fibers with less blood flow.

Front 56

Blood flow to the brain.

Back 56

This organ has a constant stream of blood, about 750 mL/min.

Front 57

Lung blood flow.

Back 57

When oxygen levels in this ogan are low, vasoconstriction occurs and when oxygen levels are high then vasodilation occurs.

Front 58

Heart blood flow.

Back 58

If the heart rate is too high, this organ will not get enough blood, causing ischemia. It responds to myogenic and metabolic factors.

Front 59

Kidney blood flow.

Back 59

This organ controls long term blood flow regulation. If it shuts down, there is no control of blood pressure, inability to produce renin, loss of the function to the release Epi, and your body cannot filter toxic metabolic metabolytes.

Front 60

Arterioles.

Back 60

The smallest ateries. large ahve all three tunics but the media is smooth muscle. Small ones only have a layer of smooth muscle and endothelium.

Front 61

Arterioles function.

Back 61

These control minute by minute blood flow to capillary beds. Contraction diverts blood flow, and dilation increases it.

Front 62

Capillaries.

Back 62

These are the smallest blood vessels. Their walls contain a thin tunica intima, one endothelial cell, and pericytes.

Front 63

Capillary function.

Back 63

These blood vessels are the location of gas and nutrient exchange by diffusion.

Front 64

Elastic arteries.

Back 64

These are conducting vessels near the heart with carry blood to the circulation system. They are large lumen vessels tat have more elastin.

Front 65

Elastin Atery example.

Back 65

The aorta is an axample of this type of blood vessel.

Front 66

Muscular Arteries.

Back 66

These arteries deliver blood to specific organs and are very active in vasoconstriction to regulate BP.

Front 67

muscular arteries.

Back 67

This arteries have the thickest tunica media.

Front 68

Example of muscular artery.

Back 68

The mesenteric and renal arteries are examples of this type of artery.

Front 69

The flow of blood into the sytemic circulation through blood vessel types.

Back 69

Blood enters elastic arteries -> muscular arteries -> arterioles -> capillaries -> capillary beds -> venules -> veins