Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
31 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
How is ethanol eliminated kinetically?
|
It basically follows zero order kinetics due to the saturation of ethanol metabolizing enzymes--eliminated at approximately 0.20 g%/hr. (Seems off by a factor of 10.)
|
|
|
What are the most harmful components of tobacco?
|
polyaromatic hydrocarbons and nitrosamines
|
|
|
How can nicotine use be detected?
|
By the principlal metabolite of cotinine which takes 18 hrs. to be cleared from the system.
|
|
|
What are the peripheral effects of nicotine?
|
It increases heart rate, increases blood pressure, and constricts vessels in the skin.
|
|
|
How much nicotine is in a typical cigarette?
|
8.4 mg
|
|
|
Where does nicotine act?
|
On nicotinic cholinergic receptors.
|
|
|
What's the typical dose of cocaine?
|
20 mg
|
|
|
How does cocaine work?
|
It blocks the reuptake of excitory neurotransmitters such as the catecholamines (epinephrine, norepinephrine, and dopamine). Also excitatory amino acids reuptake is blocked (glutamate, kainate).
|
|
|
What is the half-life of cocaine?
|
a few hours
|
|
|
What is the effect of alcohol on cocaine?
|
Cocaine gets transesterified to cocaethylene, an active metabolite with a longer half-life and greater potential for toxicity.
|
|
|
What are some of the toxic effects of cocaine?
|
addictive, high heart rate, BP, seizures, post-euphoric depression, suicide, maternal cocaine syndrome,perforated nasal passages (infections), free base catastrophes
|
|
|
Why is heroin typically injected?
|
It has high first pass metabolims when taken orally.
|
|
|
What is the principle active metabolite of heroin?
|
morphine
|
|
|
What toxicities are associated with opiates?
|
respiratory depression, tolerance, dependence, withdrawal
|
|
|
What is an antidote for heroin overdose?
|
naloxone
|
|
|
What are some basic structural units associated with "spice" (synthetic cannabinoids)?
|
Serotonin rings with aliphatic side chains.
|
|
|
What is the cutoff for hypothermia?
|
<35 C or 95 F
|
|
|
What is the cutoff for hyperthermia?
|
>40.5 C or 105 F
|
|
|
What are the prognostic factors for burn injury?
|
age, percentage burned, depth, internal injuries, promptness and efficacy of therapy
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of a superficial burn?
|
Injury is confined to the epideris (first degree)
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of a partial thickness burn?
|
Injury extends into dermins (second degree)
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of a full thickness burn?
|
Injury extends beyound subcutaneous tissue (third degree) perhaps into the deeper such as bone or muscles (fourth degree)
|
|
|
What are the main complications of burns?
|
1. Shock due to loss of water through breakage of skin barrier 2. Sepsis due to loss of skin barrier 3. Respiratory insufficiency due to smoke inhalation and pulmonary edema
|
|
|
What are characteristics of heat cramps?
|
Muscle cramps due to loss of electrolytes w/ normal core body temperature.
|
|
|
What are the characteristics of heat exhaustion?
|
Severe hypovolemia leading to collaps due to dehydration, most common hyperthermia syndrome
|
|
|
What are the characterstics of heat stroke?
|
Thermoregulatory mechanisms fail (no sweating); core body temperature > 40C; multi-organ failure, tachycardia, arrhytmia common, can be fatal
|
|
|
What is neuroleptic malignant syndrome?
|
A constellation of adverse effects to antipsychotic drugs or withdrawal from dopaminergic drugs that includes things like high fever, sweating, unstable blood pressure, stupor, muscle rigidity, autonomic dysfunction, stupor, elevated muscle enzymes and leukocytosis. Treatment is supportive.
|
|
|
What is malignant hyperthermia?
|
An adverse reaction to anesthetics (such as halothane and succinylcholine) that involves the ryanodine receptor gene (RYR1) on Xsome 19q13.1.
|
|
|
What is the sequence of events that occurs with malignant hyperthermia?
|
As intracellular calcium increases, muscle contraction and rigidity and ATP consumption lead to the generation of excessive heat. This can lead to acidosis and rhabdomyolysis which can be damaging to the kidney.
|
|
|
What is the treatment for malignant hyperthermia?
|
Treatment is with IV dantrolene and supportive therapy
|
|
|
Why does injury occur from hypothermia?
|
It leads to the physical disruption of cellular metabolism and can cause intravascular sludging of body. Dysrhythmias can result from decreased depolarizaiton of cardiac pacemaker cells due to changes in the tonicity of cells. EEG activity of the brain can slow. Peripheral vasoconstriction can lead to hypoxia and gangrene and degenerative changes in peripheral nerves. Realize that the worse the hypothermia, the less painful it is.
|
