165 (Mt1)

Front 1

Idiographic vs. Nomothetic Approaches

Back 1

-individual differences

-general principles of behavior

Front 2

What Theoretical Models Do (6)

Back 2

- organize how psychologists think about people and their problems
- explain how people acquire and change stable aspects of their behaviors
- help understand individual differences in expression of those behaviors
- road maps for assessment, research, and intervention
- define conditions necessary for change
- make clinician's values/beliefs explicit

Front 3

All Major Theories Assume (8)

Back 3

- behavior is determined, motivated, goal-directed, adaptive, and has plasticity
- individuals are reactive and proactive, unique (but principles of psych are common to all)
- personality develops in patterned sequences and is continuous throughout life
- humans are biological, social, and psychological organisms

Front 4

Psychodynamic Theory (6)

Back 4

- behavior determined by impulses, desires, motives, and conflicts that are intrapsychic and mostly unconscious
- ego defense mechanisms: adaptive and maladaptive, deal with unresolved conflicts/desires, protect from psychological harm, keep ego intact
- early experiences and relationships play critical role in psych development and adult behavior
- intrapsychic activity must be uncovered to understand and improve psychological functioning and behavior problems

Front 5

Contributions to the Psychodynamic Theory (5)

Back 5

- psychic determinism (no mistakes)
- the unconscious
- developmental stages
- ego defense mechanisms
- projective hypothesis (project concerns/feelings onto ambiguous stimuli)

Front 6

Freud's Developmental Stages (5)

Back 6

1. Oral - depression, narcissism, dependency
2. Anal - stubbornness, OCD, sadomasochism
3. Phallic - sexual immaturity, gender identity problems, antisocial personality
4. Latent - inadequate/excessive self-control
5. Genital - identity diffusion

Front 7

Behavioral/Cognitive Behavioral Theory (6)

Back 7

- stable/unstable reinforcers (patterns)
- roots in academic experimental psych (focus on learning)
- measurable behavior, empirical research
- environmental factors influence behavior
- versions: radical/operant, s-r/classical, social learning, cognitive

Front 8

Contributions to Behaviorism (4)

Back 8

- continuity/continuum of behavior
- scientific understanding of behavior
- observational/indirect learning
- thoughts are behavioral influences

Front 9

Humanistic Theory (5)

Back 9

- individualistic perception of the world determines behavior
- humans are active, responsible for what they do, and fully capable of making choices about their behavior
- cannot understand another's behavior without seeing the world through their eyes
- innate actualizing tendency
- psych instruments/tests not usually used, except Q-sort and conditions of worth

Front 10

Contributions to the Humanistic Theory (3)

Back 10

- self-concept
- self-esteem
- self-actualization

Front 11

Biopsychosocial Theory (4)

Back 11

- illness and health are functions of biological, psychological, and social influences
- each influence may not be an equal contributor to each problem, but all must be considered to understand the problem
- emphasis on health and illness
- versions: diathesis-stress, reciprocal-gene-environment, psychosocial influence on biology

Front 12

Contributions to the Biopsychosocial Theory (3)

Back 12

- biological vulnerabilities as contributors to psychological problems
- behavioral medicine
- health psychology

Front 13

Systems Theory (3)

Back 13

- communications among a group, de-emphasis on problems of any one member of the group
- any change in functioning/behavior of one member will influence other members
- versions: communication approach, structural approach, Milan approach, strategic approach, narrative approach

Front 14

Contributions to the Systems Theory (2)

Back 14

- organizational consultation
- family therapy

Front 15

Components of Clinical Assessment (3)

Back 15

1. reason for assessment
- baseline info, status after intervention, plan treatment efforts, develop diagnosis, predict future behavior
2. preferred theoretical orientation
3. relevant sources of information
- interview, life history, observation, psychological tests

Front 16

Biases in Clinical Judgement (3)

Back 16

- blink moments
- assessing diverse populations
- clinician factors, client factors, context of judgement

Front 17

Qualities of the Good Judge of Personality (11)

Back 17

- experience
- similarity
- intelligence
- self-insight
- social skills
- detachment
- caring for others
- good listener
- thorough
- develops alternate hypotheses
- uses several sources of data