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62 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Where does fat digestion occur?
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In the small intestine
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What enzyme in the small intestine allows for fat digestion?
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Pancreatic lipase
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What allows H2O-soluble pancreatic lipase to act on lipids?
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Emulsification with bile acids
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What particular bile salt is important in emulsification?
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Lecithin
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What does pancreatic lipase do to lipids?
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Breaks into monoglyceride and 2 free fatty acids.
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What are micelles?
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Aggregates of FFA's, monoglycerides, and bile acids -> allows solubility of the fat digestion products.
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What is the purpose of micelles?
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Uptake of fat digestion products from the small intestine into the enterocytes
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What is the result of poor fat digestion in the intestine?
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Steatorrhea
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What is fat when it is eaten?
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Triglyceride
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What happens after enterocytes uptake micelles? (2 possibilities)
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1. Re-esterification of mono-glyceride+FFA to Triglyceride
2. Formation of chylomicrons |
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What are chylomicrons made of?
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Triglyceride, Cholesterol, Cholesterol esters, surrounded by Protein and phospholipids.
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What are chylomicrons a specific class of?
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Lipoproteins
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Where do chylomicrons go after formation in enterocytes?
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To the lymphatic sytem, to the thoracic duct, into circulation.
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What are the target tissues of chylomicrons?
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-Liver
-Muscle -Adipose tissue |
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What are the normal body functions of lipids?
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-Hormones
-Energy -Digestion -Membrane components -Insulate nerves |
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What happens to chylomicrons in circulation when they reach the tissue?
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They get broken down to energy and chylomicron remnants for storage or energy use.
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What enzyme is responsible for chylomicron breakdown in circulation?
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Lipoprotein lipase
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What is Cholesterol made from?
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Acetyl Co-A
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Where is cholesterol made?
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In the liver and gut
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What are 4 sterol derivatives?
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-Hormones (steroids)
-Bile salts (by the liver) -Vitamin D -Cholesterol |
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What are the 5 classes of lipids?
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1. Sterol derivatives
2. Fatty acids 3. Glycerol esters 4. Sphingosine derivatives 5. Terpenes |
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What are the terpenes?
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Vitamins A, K, and E
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Where is esterification of chylomicrons done? (going back)
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In the vascular component
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What 2 enzymes catalyze esterification?
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-LCAT (lecithin)
-ACAT (acyl) |
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Which apolipoprotein may be associated with increased risk of Coronary artery disease (CAD)?
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Apolipoprotein B
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What methods are useful in measuring lipoproteins? (2)
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-Ultracentrifugation
-Electrophoresis |
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What apolipoprotein is the major one in HDL?
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Apo A
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What is the more protective lipoprotein?
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HDL
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What apolipoprotein is the major on ein LDL?
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Apo B
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Which lipoprotein is associated with high risk of CHD?
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LDL
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List the lipoproteins:
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-Chylomicron
-VLDL -IDL -LDL -HDL |
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What is the source of chylomicron?
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the intestine
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What is the source of VLDL?
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the liver
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What is the source of IDL and LDL?
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VLDL
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What is the source of HDL?
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VLDL and Chylomicrons
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Where is HDL synthesized?
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In the liver and intestines
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Which lipoprotein has the highest percent of tryglyceride?
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VLDL
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Which lipoprotein has the highest percent of cholesterol?
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LDL! not hdl
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What makes HDL so heavy?
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It has the highest percent of protein
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what lipid is important in fetal development?
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DHA - from omega-3 fatty acids
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How does DHA aid fetal develpment?
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It provides structural fatty acid in brain gray matter and retinal tissue - important for brain and eye maturation.
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What are the 4 general types of methods for lipid analysis?
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1. Plasma appearance
2. Cholesterol measurement 3. HDL measurement 4. LDL measurement |
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What are specifications for evaluating plasma appearance?
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Store at 4'C overnight; can use EDTA plasma
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What are the 2 types of methods for total cholesterol measurement?
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1. Enzymatic
2. Chemical |
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What is the principle of the enzymatic cholesterol method?
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1. Cholesterol is broken down to produce peroxide;
2. Peroxide is broken down by 2a) Peroxidase -> color 2b) Catalase -> NADPH |
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What are 2 chemical methods for cholesterol measurement?
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1. Liebermann-Burchard
2. Abell |
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which chemical method has higher sensitivity?
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Abell
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What is a drawback to the Liebermann-Burchard method?
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It uses caustic reagents - H2SO4 and acetic anhydride.
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What are 2 types of methods for HDL measurement?
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1. Ultracentrifugation
2. Precipitation |
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List 4 reagents that will precipitate HDL:
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1. Heparin-Manganese Chloride
2. Dextran Sulfate 3. Phosphotungstate 4. Polyethylene glycol |
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What is the preferred amt of HDL in the body, high or low?
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HIGH - it helps prevent CHD
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What are 2 options for measuring LDL?
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1. Direct assay
2. Calculation |
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What is the calculation for LDL?
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Friedwald calculation
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What are limitations for doing the Friedwald calculation?
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Can only be done on fasting specimens, with Triglyceride levels above (?) 400
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What is the Friedwald calculation?
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LDL = Total Chol - (Try/5)+HDL
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How is LDL directly measured?
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Enzymatically
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What is the WHO classification of hyperlipidemias based on?
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Plasma appearance, Cholesterol levels, Triglyceride levels, and electrophoretic patterns.
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How many WHO classes are there?
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5
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What pattern follows the WHO classes?
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1 = Reference, Clear plasma
Type 1 = Milky Type 2a = Clear Type 2b = Clear-Turbid Type 3 = Turbid Type 4 = Turbid-Opaque Type 5 = Super milky |
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What is Niemann-Pick disease?
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Deficiency of enzyme Sphingomyelinase
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What results from Niemann -Pick disease?
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Excess sphingomyelin in the liver, spleen, brain, and bone marrow
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Who is primarily affected by Niemann-Pick?
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Children; usually die within several years.
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