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38 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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chromosome theory of inheritance
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mendelian genes have specific loci on chromosomes
chromosomes undergo segregation and independent assortment |
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wild type
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phenotype that is common
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mutant
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phenotype that is not common alternative
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SRY genes
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on the Y chromosome codes for the development of testes
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sex-linked chromosome
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a gene located on either sex chromosome is called
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barr body
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inactive X condenses into
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recessive alleles on the X chromosome
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color blindness, muscular dystrophy, hemophilia
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linked genes
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genes located on the same chromosome tend to be inherited together
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genetic recombination
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the production of offspring with combinations of traits differing from either parent
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parental type
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offspring with a phenotype matching one of the parental phenotypes are called
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recombinant types
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offspring with nonparental phenotypes (new combination of traits)
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nondisjunction
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pairs of homologous chromosomes do not separate normally during meiosis, as a result one gamete receives two of the same type of chromosome, and another gamete receives no copy
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aneuploidy
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results from the fertilization of gametes in which nondisjunction occurs, (abnormal number of a particular chromosome)
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monosomic
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zygote has only one zygote of a particular chromosome
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trisomic
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zygote has three copies of a particular chromosome
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polyploidy
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a condition in which an organism has more than two complete sets of chromosomes (common in plants not animals)
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deletion
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removes a chromosomal segment
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duplication
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repeat a segment
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inversion
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reverses a segment within a chromosome
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translocation
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moves segment from one chromosome to another
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transformation
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a change in genotype and phenotype due to assimilation of foreign DNA
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bacteriophages
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viruses that effect bacteria
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chargaffs rule
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in any species there is an equal number of A and T bases, and an equal number of G and C bases
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double helix
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DNA structure
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origins of replication
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where the two DNA strands are separated, opening up a replication "bubble"
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replication fork
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Y-shaped region where new DNA strands are elongating
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helicases
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enzymes that untwist the double helix at the replication forks
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single strand binding proteins
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binds to and stabilizes single stranded DNA until it can be used as a template
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topoisomerase
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corrects overwinding ahead of replication forks by breaking swiveling and rejoining DNA strands
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DNA polymerase
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catalyze the elongation of new DNA at a replication fork
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primase
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can start an RNA chain from scratch and adds RNA nucleotides one at a time using the parental DNA as a template
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okazaki fragments
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lagging strand is synthesized into series of segments
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DNA polymerase 1
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replace okazaki fragments
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mismatch repair
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repair enzyme correct errors in base pairing
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nucleotide excision repair
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a nuclease cuts out and replaces damaged stretches of DNA
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nuclease, DNA polymerase, DNA ligase
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three enzymes that play a role in nucleotide excision repair
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nucleoid
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region where supercoiled DNA is found
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histone
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proteins that are responsible for the first level of DNA packing in chromatin
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