1.5Vm - Neurology - Quiz 2

Front 1

Which LMN cell bodies do not lie within the CNS?

Back 1

GVE PoG

Front 2

What two neuron types are found in LMNs?

Back 2

GVE
GSE

Front 3

Which section of the spinal cord generally shows no LMN signs? (2)

Back 3

C1 - C5
T3 - L3

Front 4

How do you localize a legion in C1 - C5?

Back 4

Would see UMN signs in thoracic and pelvic limbs

Front 5

How do you localize a lesion in T3 - L3?

Back 5

Would see UMN signs in pelvic limbs

Front 6

Which three spinal cord segments show LMN signs?

Back 6

C6 - T2
L4 - S2
S1 - Cd5

Front 7

Three things that GVE neurons innervate

Back 7

Autonomic PSNS
- Smooth muscle
- Glandular epithelia
- Cardiac muscle

Front 8

Two spinal cord segments where GVE neurons are found

Back 8

T1 - L4
S1 - S3

Front 9

How do UMN control muscle movement?

Back 9

Inhibiting or exciting LMN

Front 10

4 things you might see in relation to LMN damage

Back 10

- Paresis to paralysis
- Hyporeflexia to areflexia
- Hypotonia to atonia
- Neurogenic atrophy

Front 11

What type of paralysis does LMN disease cause?

Back 11

Flaccid

Front 12

What type of atonia does LMN disease cause?

Back 12

Flaccid

Front 13

What is the onset of atrophy caused by LMN disease?

Back 13

Early and severe

Front 14

What four things can you see in relation to UMN damage?

Back 14

- Paresis to paralysis
- Normoreflexia to hyperreflexia
- Hypertonia
- Disuse atrophy

Front 15

What type of paralysis does UMN disease cause?

Back 15

Spastic

Front 16

What type of atonia does UMN disease cause?

Back 16

Spastic

Front 17

What is the onset of atrophy caused by UMN disease?

Back 17

Chronic

Front 18

Which part of the projection neuron system is NOT UMNs?

Back 18

Ascending projection neurons
- Carry nociception and proprioception

Front 19

What is the only spinal nerve that has an autonomous zone?

Back 19

C2
- Caudal aspect of ear (great auricular branch)

Front 20

What has to happen to see atrophy in the neck?

Back 20

Have to damage 3 spinal nerves/segments

Front 21

What gives rise to the phrenic nerve?

Back 21

C5 - C6

Front 22

What's special about the origin of the phrenic nerve?

Back 22

Overlaps two localization areas (C1 - C5, C6 - T2) so you have to rule out both if respiratory signs are present

Front 23

What does the suprascapular n. innervate?

Back 23

Supraspinatous and infraspinatous mm.

Front 24

What innervates the cutaneous trunci m.?

Back 24

Lateral thoracic n.

Front 25

What is lack of lateral stabilization of the humoral joint in horses called?

Back 25

Sweeny

Front 26

What happens if the suprascapular n. is damaged?

Back 26

Lack of lateral stability of the humoral joint in horses

Atrophy of the infra- and supra- spinatous mm.

Front 27

Three things the axillary n. innervates

Back 27

Deltoideus m.
Teres major m.
Teres minor m.

Front 28

What's special about the suprascapular n. in regards to injury in horses?

Back 28

More likely to be damaged since acromion is absent to protect it

Front 29

What happens due to damage of the axillary n.?

Back 29

Nothing really; no noticeable gait defects since Latissimus Dorsi m. does most the same action

Front 30

Three muscles the musculocutaneous n. innervates

Back 30

- Coracobrachialis m.
- Biceps brachii m.
- Brachialis m.

Front 31

Autonomous zone of the musculocutaneous n. in the dog

Back 31

Medial aspect of entire forearm
- Pinch in middle, medial side of antebrachium

Front 32

Autonomous zone of the musculocutaneous n. in the horse

Back 32

Craniomedial forearm
- Pinch on medial aspect of carpus

Front 33

What nerve is responsible for the musculocutaneous n.'s autonomous zone?

Back 33

Medial cutaneous antebrachial n.

Front 34

What occurs due to damage of the musculocutaneous n.?

Back 34

- Minimal gait deficits on level surface
- On an inclined surface, apparent gait deficits because the cubital joint can't be flexed to ascend

Front 35

What spinal nerves is the radial n. derived from?

Back 35

C7 - T2

Front 36

What does the radial n. innervate?

Back 36

- Caudal brachial muscle group
- Craniolateral antebrachial muscle group

Front 37

Autonomous zone of the radial n. in the dog

Back 37

Upper:
- Lateral middle of antebrachium

Lower:
- Digit 2

Front 38

Autonomous zone of the radial n. in the horse

Back 38

Lateral forearm towards the middle

Front 39

5 things that you'll see when the radial n. is damaged up high

Back 39

Can still advance limb
- Can't bear weight
- Elbow appears dropped
- Atrophy and cutaneous deficits
- Inability to extend carpal and digital joints
- Inability to extend cubital joint

Front 40

What other condition does damage of the radial n. resemble?

Back 40

Brachial plexus avulsion
- Differentiate using autonomous zones

Front 41

Two locations that the olfactory bulb carries information to and via what?

Back 41

- Piriform lobe (lateral olfactory tract)
- Hypothalamus (medial olfactory tract)

Front 42

What is the piriformis lobe responsible for in regards to smell?

Back 42

Conscious smell

Front 43

What is the hypothalamus responsible for in regards to smell?

Back 43

Unconscious smell in relation to autonomic processes

Front 44

Where is the olfactory bulb located in the skull?

Back 44

Rostral cranial fossa behind the cribiform plate

Front 45

What is the optic chiasm?

Back 45

Location where optic nerves meet and cross over

Front 46

What nervous system is the optic chiasm part of?

Back 46

PNS

Front 47

What nervous system is the optic tract part of?

Back 47

CNS

Front 48

What is the optic tract?

Back 48

Location where the optic nerves carry information after the optic chiasm

Front 49

What is the occipital cortex responsible for?

Back 49

Conscious vision

Front 50

What is the Pretectal nucleus complex responsible for?

Back 50

Pupillary light reflex

Front 51

What is the rostral colliculus responsible for?

Back 51

Visual reflex

Front 52

What does the Tuber cinereum do?

Back 52

Hormone production

Front 53

What does the infundibulum do?

Back 53

Connects to pituitary gland

Front 54

What do the mammilary bodies do?

Back 54

Form a part of the limbic system

Front 55

Three parts of the limbic system

Back 55

- Mammilary bodies
- Fornix
- Cingulate gyrus

Front 56

Where are the majority of lesions located in the optic system?

Back 56

Retina/eye itself (80%)

Front 57

What happens when there's a lesion in the lateral geniculate nucleus and/or occipital cortex?

Back 57

Blind in the eye that's opposite the affected region

Front 58

What does CN III come off of?

Back 58

Crus cerebri

Front 59

What CN is used to localize lesions in the midbrain?

Back 59

CN III

Front 60

Three things you'd see from damage of CN III

Back 60

- Ventrolateral strabismus
- Ptosis
- Dilated pupil (mydriasis)

Front 61

What neuron types make up CN III? (2)

Back 61

- GSE LMN
- GVE LMN

Front 62

What's the only cranial nerve to arise from the dorsal brain stem?

Back 62

CN IV

Front 63

Which CN is associated with the pons?

Back 63

CN V

Front 64

What is the primary function of CN V?

Back 64

Sensory to majority of head

Front 65

What are 'pyramids'?

Back 65

Faint longitudinal bundles of axons on the ventral medulla

Front 66

What do the pyramids contain?

Back 66

Motor fibers from the frontal lobe that skip the transverse pontine fibers and go directly down the spinal cord

Front 67

Two cranial nerves that lie on the lateral aspect of the pons

Back 67

- VII
- VIII

Front 68

Two cranial nerves that lie on lateral aspect of medulla

Back 68

- IX
- X

Front 69

What would you see if CN IX was affected? (2)

Back 69

- Dysphagia
- Lack of gag reflex

Front 70

What would you see if CN X was affected? (3)

Back 70

- Dysphagia
- Dysphonia
- Dyspnea

Front 71

Which cranial nerves lie in a 'line' going from rostral to caudal? (3)

Back 71

- III
- VI
- XII

Front 72

What produces CSF?

Back 72

Choroid plexus

Front 73

Where are the lateral ventricles located?

Back 73

To the side of the telencephalon

Front 74

Where is the third ventricle located?

Back 74

In the diencephalon

Front 75

What allows flow of CSF from the lateral ventricles?

Back 75

Interventricular foramen

Front 76

Where does the fourth ventricle lie?

Back 76

Metencephalon

Front 77

What do the lateral apertures do?

Back 77

Allow CSF to flow into subarachnoid space and venous system

Front 78

What connects the 3rd and 4th ventricles?

Back 78

Mesencephalic aqueduct

Front 79

Where is the mesencephalic aqueduct located?

Back 79

In the mesencephalon

Front 80

Describe the flow of CSF starting in the lateral ventricles

Back 80

Flows rostrally --> exits through interventricular foramen into telencephalon --> flow caudally and circles around in third ventricle --> mesencephalic aqueduct --> fourth ventricle --> exits through the lateral apertures or goes directly into spinal cord

Front 81

Three common obstruction sites of CSF

Back 81

- Interventricular foramen
- Mesencephalic aqueduct
- Lateral apertures

Front 82

Problem with CSF production

Back 82

Independent of pressure

Front 83

Three locations where choroid plexus can be found

Back 83

- Lateral ventricles
- 3rd ventricle
- 4th ventricle

Front 84

What connects the two hemispheres of the brain?

Back 84

Corpus callosum

Front 85

What is the fornix?

Back 85

Part of the limbic system
- Big bundle of axons that connects the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

Front 86

What does the fornix do?

Back 86

Transfers behavorial information from the hippocampus to the hypothalamus

Front 87

What is the site of rabies infection?

Back 87

Cingulate gyrus

Front 88

What occurs in a deficit in the cingulate gyrus?

Back 88

Increased aggression

Front 89

What is the function of the subcallosal area?

Back 89

Talks with the fornix for behavioral information

Front 90

What is the nodulus responsible for?

Back 90

Balance and equilibirum

Front 91

Four specific areas (not lobes) of the brain responsible for behavior/emotion

Back 91

- Subcallosal area
- Cingulate gyrus
- Fornix
- Mammilary bodies

Front 92

Two anatomical parts of the forebrain

Back 92

- Telencephalon
- Dienecephalon

Front 93

Three anatomical parts of the brainstem

Back 93

- Mesencephalon
- Metencephalon
- Myelencephalon

Front 94

5 brain localization areas

Back 94

- Forebrain (prosencephalon)
- Midbrain (mesencephalon)
- Pons (metencephalon)
- Medulla (myelencephalon)
- Cerebellum

Front 95

What are 5 cord localization areas?

Back 95

- C1 - C5
- C6 - T2
- T3 - L3
- L4 - S2
- S1 - Cd5