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123 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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brainstem EXCEPT |
cerebellum |
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The right and left cerebral hemispheres are separated from eachother by |
the longitudinal fissure |
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The cerebellum is ____ to the cerebrum |
caudal |
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The gray matter fo the brain forms a surface layer called ____ and deeper masss called _____ surrounded by white matter |
cortex nuclei |
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The pons and cerebellum relate with this secondary embryonic vesicle |
metencephalon |
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appears as a large bulde just rostral to the medulla |
pons |
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forms the floor and part of the walls of the third ventricle |
hypothalamus |
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From superficial to deep, the meninges... |
dura mater arachnoid pia mater |
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NOT a function of the CSF |
to provide oxygen and nutrients to the nervous tissue |
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Cerebrospinal fluid is secreted by choroid plexuses in the ____ ventricles and reabsorbed by arachnoid villi in the ____ |
lateral, third and fourth superior sagittal sinus |
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The BBB is most permeable to |
glucose and oxygen |
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Create the BBB |
TIGHT junctions between endothelial cells that form the capillary walls |
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high fever, stiff neck, headaches. Bacteria and WBC in CSF |
meningitis |
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medulla oblongata originates from |
myelencephalon |
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Where are the cardiac, vasomotor and respiratory centers |
medulla oblongata |
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The ____ functions in visual attention, such as to look and follow the flight of a butterfly |
superior colliculi |
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Degeneration of neurons in which of the following leads to the muscle tremors of Parkinsons |
substantia nigra |
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The recticular formation is a a web of ____ scattered throughout the ___ |
gray matter brainstem |
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Largest part of the hindbrain |
cerebellum |
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Loss of balance... |
cerebellum |
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In which structure is the arbor vitae found |
cerebellum |
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No cranial nerves associated with |
cerebellyum |
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NOT associated with the pons |
neck movement |
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The thalamus, hypothalamus, and epithalamus are derivatives of which embryonic structure |
diencephalon |
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Nearly all of the somatosensory input to the cerebrum passes by way of synapses in |
the thalamus |
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Sex drive, body temp... |
hypothalamus |
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A lesion in which structure would cause a person to have an erratic waking/sleeping pattern? |
suprachiasmatic nucleus |
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pineal gland is part of |
epithalamus |
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Planning, motivation, social judgment |
frontal lobe |
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occipital lobe |
principal visual center of the brain |
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Which lobe is deep to the lateral sulcus and can only be seen by removing some of the overlying cerebrum |
insula |
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The great majority of which tracts pass through the corpus callosum |
commissural |
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Most gray matter of the cerebrum located in |
neocortex |
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Where are the hippocampus and amygdala found |
limbic system |
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A predominance of which waves in an EEG might indicate that a person is physically and mentally relaxes |
alpha |
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occurs during REM sleep |
the muscles are paralyzed, and body temp., BP, and heart and respiratory rates increase |
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The _____ association area is responsible for perceiving and attending to stimuli, and the ____ association area is responsible for identifying them |
parietal temporal |
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Short term memory is associated with the ____, whereas long-term memory is associated with the ____ |
hippocampus cerebral cortex |
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Destruction of the amygdala ... |
expression of emotional feelings |
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controlled by the largest area of the motor cortex |
fingers |
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The pyramidal cells of the precentral gyrus are called ____ neurons |
upper motor |
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Nonfluent aphasia, due to a lesion in the ___, resuls in slow speech, difficulty in choosing words, or use of words that only approximate the correct word |
broca area |
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____ show more lateralization than ____ |
adult males adult females |
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most likely be controlled by the representational hemisphere of the cerebrum |
painting a picture |
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After a stroke a patient complains about a lack of sensitivity in her right hand. The stroke most likely affected |
postcentral gyrus in the left frontal lobe |
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NOT a motor cranial nerve |
vestibulocochlear nerve |
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the largest of the cranial nerves and most important sensory nerve of the face |
trigeminal nerve |
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innervates most of the viscera in the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities |
vagus |
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which cranial nerve pathway would be used to look crossed eyes at the tip of your nose |
trochlear |
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NOT contain CSF |
dural sinus |
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Injury to the reticular formation= |
irreversible coma |
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If the cerebrum was no longer able to communicate with the midbrain, what type of tract would you suspect has been damaged? |
projection |
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In the cerebral cortex, which cells process information on a loval level |
stellate |
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Why is 90% of the cerebral cortex referred to as the neocortex? |
it developed recently evolutionariy when mammals diversified |
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The neocortex contains which of the following cells |
pyramidal and stellate |
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Which of the following pairings of brain wave names and descriptions is paired correctly |
delta waves- predominance of these may indicate serious brain damage in an adult |
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exhausted from studying all night, might starts to wander. Which brain waves would be most predominate in an EEG |
alpha |
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Which cranial nerves is mispaired? |
abducens-V |
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dentist give you injection of anesthtic in preperation for a filling. Which cranial nerve did they target |
V (trigeminal) |
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The ANS controlls all EXCEPT |
skeletal muscle in the rectus abdominis |
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The ANS fibers are involved in all EXCEPT |
maintaining tonicity of the muscles of the neck |
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the order of a visceral reflex |
sensory receptor afferent nerve fiber interneuron efferent nerve fiber gland |
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parasympathetic tone |
it holds the resting heart rate below its intrinsic rate |
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sympathetic nerve fibers are NOT associated with situations involving |
digestion |
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The background rate of sympathetic and parasympathetic activity is called |
autonomic tone |
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The neurotransmitter associated with autonomic ganglia is |
ACh |
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The effect of autonomic fibers on target cells is ____. The effect of somatic fibers on target cells is ____ |
excitatory or inhibitory always excitatory |
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the ANS.. |
its denervation would cause hypersensitivity |
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In response to high BP, stretch receptors called ____ in the walls of the arteriews carrying blood to the the head will trigger a reflex that causes the heart to ____ its beats er minute |
baroreceptors decrease |
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The motor pathway of the AND usually involves ___ neurons |
2 |
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Preganglionic fibers run from the ____ to the ____ |
gray matter autonomic ganglia |
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Preganglionic fibers of the autonomic efferent pathway are ____ and secrete ____ |
myelinated ACh |
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NOT a reason that somatic reflexes act faster than visceral reflexes |
the effector pathway in the visceral reflex arc involves more chemical synapses |
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Most fivers of the parasympathetic NS travel in the |
vagus |
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Sympathetic fibers arise only from the ____ regions of the spinal cord |
thoracic and lumbar |
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The sympathetic chain of ganglia is found at the _____ levels of the swpinal cord |
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacral, coccygeal |
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NOT a feature of the sympathetic division of the ANS |
it has long preganglionic fibers |
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NOT a feature of the PARAsympathetic division of the ANS |
it has short preganglionic fibers |
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The solar plexus is used as a name for |
the celiac and mesenteric ganglia |
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The adrenal medulla secretes mostly |
epinephrine (adrenaline) |
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The parasympathetic division arises from the _____ regions of the spinal cord |
brain and sacral |
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Damage to the ____ may affect near vision accommidation |
oculomotor |
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White rami carry ____ neurons, while gray rami carry ____ neurons |
myelinated preganglionic unmyelinated postganglionic |
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NOT characteristic of the enteric NS |
its refles arcs are associated with the spinal cord |
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If a cell has α1 adrenergic receptors, it is sensitive to |
adrenaline |
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NOT under dual control of the ANS |
adrenal medulla activity |
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Propranolol, a beta blocker, is typically used |
decrease heart rate |
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More effective in prodicing pronchodilation? |
norepinephrine |
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Muscarinic receptors bind |
ACh |
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The binding of ____ to a nicotinic receptor of a muscle fiber will ____ ot |
ACh excite |
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Atripine is sometimes used to dilate the pupil for eye examination. Which receptor would atropine block? |
muscarinic receptor |
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Antagonistic effects of the 2 divisions of the ANS are exemplified in the control of |
gastrointestinal motility |
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____is an example of the cooperative effect between the two autonomic nervous system divisions |
orgasms |
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Sympathetic fibers do NOT release |
nitric oxide (NO)` |
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Sympathetic effects tend to last ____ than parasympahetic effects. One reason is that _____ |
longer norepinephrine can diffuse into the blood steam without being broken down |
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The enzyme that breaks down NE |
monoamine oxidase (MAO) |
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A neuron that synases in the adrenal medulla is a ___ neuron, and releases the neurotransmitter ____ |
preganglionic ACh |
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Drugs that are monoamine oxidase (MAO) inhibitor would most likely |
decrease the amount of NE destroyed and may be used as an antidepressant |
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A possible explanation for the effect of caffeine is that it blocks the receptor for a neuromodulator in the brain called_____, which inhibits ACh release by cholinergic neurons |
adenosine |
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made up of primarily adrenergic fibers |
postganglionic neurons of the sympathetic system |
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The ____ is an especially important center of autonomic control |
hypothalamus |
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releases neurotransmitter in a paravertebral ganglion |
preganglionic sympatheric fiber |
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Autonomic function recieves input from all EXCEPT |
spinal cord |
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_____ nerve passes througout sympathetic ganglia without synapsing |
splanchnic |
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associated with "fight or flight" reaction |
reduced urinary output |
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NOT associated with the ANS |
oculomotor nerve |
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Most preganglionic fibers in the SNS synapse with |
10-20 postganglionic neurons |
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Both cerebrum and cerebellum have gray matter in their surface cotex and deeper nuclei, and white matter deep to the cortex |
TRUE |
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The cerebellum exhibits folds called gyri separated by grooves called sulci |
TRUE |
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Purkinje cells are unusually large neurons found in the cerebellum |
TRUE |
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The forebrain consists of the cerebrum and the diencephalon |
TRUE |
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The amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus are involved in such feelings as love, anger fear, pleasure, pain |
TRUE |
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The wernicke area recognizes spoken and written language |
TRUE |
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Under normal circmstances, both divisions of the ANS are normally active simultaneously |
TRUE |
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The parasympathetic division stimulates digestion |
TRUE |
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The adrenal medualla is modified sympathetic ganglion |
TRUE |
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Fibers of the vagus nerve end near or within their target organs |
true |
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ACh binds to both muscarinic and nicotine receptorws |
true |
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Binding of NE to an alpha-adrenergic receptor is usually excitatory, and binding to a veta-adrenergic receptor is usually inhibitory |
true |
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All autonomic output originates in the CNS |
true |
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Epidural space is filled with CSF |
false |
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The BBB helps preventing hemorrhages in the Nervous tissue of brain |
false |
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The blood -CFS barries is composed of dense regular connective tissue lining |
FALSE |
