12/8 Southern Song - Completed

Front 1

tangsong ba dajia 唐宋八大家*

Back 1

“Eight Masters of the Tang and Song”
Given preliminary form in Guwen guanjian 古文關鍵 by Lü Zuqian 呂祖謙 (1137-1181)

Front 2

Fang Hui 方回

Back 2

- (1227-1307), one of the last members of the Jiangxi School
- wrote Yingkui lüsui 瀛奎律髓 critical anthology of regulated verse

Front 3

Zhu Shuzhen朱淑真*

Back 3

- one of the two most famous women writers in Song (the other is obviously Li Qingzhao)exact dates are unknown. Zhu Shuzhen was from Hangzhou before it became the dynastic capital. Her poetry draws strongly on the tradition of boudoir poetry, though in Zhu Shuzhen’s poetry that conventional persona was made to fit, sometimes uncomfortably, the actual experiences of a married woman.

Front 4

Chen Liang 陳亮*
[no asterisk]

Back 4

- 1143-1194, a pragmatic theorist (known as “Shixue” 實學),
- compiled anthologies of Ouyang Xiu’s prose and of Su Shi’s followers. Chen Liang wrote extensively on history and current affairs, but was also very interested in prose

Front 5

Lü Zuqian 呂祖謙*

Back 5

- 1137-1181
- compiled the Guwen guanjian 古文關鍵*, giving the preliminary form of the “eight masters”
- the compilation of Huangchao wenjian 皇朝文鑒 (now called the Song wenjian 宋文鑒)
- the best-known prose writer in 12th century
- lectured at the Lize Academy 麗澤書院 in Jinhua 金華 (QIAOMEI'S hometown^_^)of Zhejiang.
- compiled the Daoxue anthology Jinsi lu 近思錄* with Zhu Xi

Front 6

Zhu Xi 朱熹*

Back 6

- 1130-1200
- great Daoxue master
- suspicious of anything like rhetoric
- Zhuzi yulei 朱子語類*
- felt the charms of literature, but resisted those charms as best as he could.

Front 7

Lu Jiuyuan 陸九淵*

Back 7

- 1139-1193
- hao Xiangshang 象山
-Southern Song Daoxue master, rivals with Zhu Xi
- suspicious of anything like rhetoric

Front 8

Ye Mengde 葉夢得*

Back 8

- 1077-1148
was not primarily a political figure like the writers just mentioned, but a literary man and one of the major scholars of the first part of the twelfth century—though he also wrote numerous memorials on the political events of the day. He was also a poet of some note, though now probably better known for his collections of notes and documents on the fall of the North and the establishment of the Southern Song, the Shilin yanyu 石林燕語 and the Bishu luhua 避暑錄話.

Front 9

Dongjing menghua lu 東京夢華錄*

Back 9

- by Meng Yuanlao 孟元老*
- with a preface dated 1135.
- a nostalgic work which gives a vivid image of Bianjing in the period just before the fall

Front 10

“method,” fa 法*

Back 10

“method” in the composition of guwen

Front 11

“faults,” bing 病*.
[no asterisk]

Back 11

“faults” in the composition of guwen

Front 12

Jinsi lu 近思錄*
[no asterisk]

Back 12

- a Daoxue anthology,
- compiled in 1175
- by Zhu Xi and Lu Zuqian
- includes the works of Zhou Dunyi 周敦颐, the Cheng brothers, and Zhang Zai 張載

Front 13

Shihua zonggui 詩話總龜*
[no asterisk]

Back 13

- an anthology of critical remarks
- first published by Ruan Yue 阮閱 in1123, named shizong 詩總
- expanded and reprinted in Southern Song

Front 14

Tiaoxi yuyin conghua 苕溪漁隱叢話*

Back 14

- an anthology of shihua by Hu Zi 胡仔*
- first series came out in 1148
- second series came out in 1167

Front 15

Biji manzhi 碧雞漫志*

Back 15

- by Wang Zhuo 王灼*
- started in 1145
- ancestor of the genre cihua 詞話*

Front 16

cihua 詞話*

Back 16

remarks on song lyric; can trace the genre's origin to Wang Zhuo 王灼's Biji manzhi 碧雞漫志 (1145)

Front 17

Ji Yougong 計有功*

Back 17

- published Tangshi jishi 唐詩紀事*
- in 12th century

Front 18

Hong Mai 洪邁*

Back 18

- 1123-1202
- five series of Rongzhai suibi 容齋隨筆, one of the largest and best works in the biji 筆記 genre
- also edited the Tangren wanshou jueju 唐人萬首絕句.
- Yijian zhi 夷堅志*, massive collection of stories of strange, remarkable matters

Front 19

Yijian zhi 夷堅志*

Back 19

- by Hong Mai 洪邁 (1123-1202)
- massive collection of stories of strange, remarkable matters
- Yuan Haowen 元好問 wrote a Xu Yijian zhi 續夷堅志

Front 20

Lu You 陸游*

Back 20

- 1125-1210
-Wrote travel diary Account of Going to Shu (Ru Shu ji 入蜀記)
- zi Wuguan 務觀, hao Fangweng 放翁,
- the most prolific poet and important literary figure in Southern Song
- Jiannan shigao 劍南詩稿 in 1187
- Laoxuean biji 老學庵筆記

Front 21

Ru Shu ji 入蜀記*

Back 21

- Lu You’s Account of Going to Shu
- tracing a journey undertaken in 1170
- became one of the best known of all travel diaries

Front 22

Fan Chengda 范成大*

Back 22

- 1126-1193
- one of the three greatest names in Southern Song poetry
- famous for his estate in Stone Lake 石湖*
- Sishi tianyuan zaxing 四時田園雜興*
- compiled a gazetteer of Suzhou, the Wujun zhi 吳郡志

Front 23

Lou Yue 樓鑰*
[no asterisk]

Back 23

- 1137-1213
- Diary of a Journey North, Beixing rilu 北行日錄 from late 1169 to early 1170, giving an account of Lou’s participation on a courtesy mission to the Jin. Lou was a poet of some repute and a latter day admirer of Su Shi and Huang Tingjian.

Front 24

Sishi tianyuan zaxing 四時田園雜興*
[no asterisk]

Back 24

- by Fan Chengda
- Various Responses to Fields and Gardens through the Four Seasons,”
- Fan is best known for his set of sixty rustic vignettes

Front 25

Yang Wanli 楊萬里*

Back 25

- 1127-1206
- the most distinctive of the major Southern Song poets
- his life was recorded in his poetry
- his poems are witty and funny
- huofa 活法*
- Chengzhai shihua 誠齋詩話*
- Chengzhai Yi zhuan 誠齋易傳.

Front 26

huofa 活法*

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- “vitalism” or “live method”
- a term commonly associated with Yang Wanli’s poetry

Front 27

Chengzhai shihua 誠齋詩話*
[no asterisk]

Back 27

Yang Wanli's comments on literature

Front 28

You Mao 尤袤*

Back 28

- 1127-1194
- one of the “Four Masters of the Southern Song” 南宋四大家*, of his massive literary collection once constituting 140 juan only a single juan, put together from anthology pieces, survives

Front 29

南宋四大家*

Back 29

- Four Masters of the Southern Song
- Fan Chengda, Lu You, Yang Wanli, and You Mao

Front 30

Shi jizhuan 詩集傳*

Back 30

- Zhu Xi's commentary on the Classic of Poetry 詩經
-

Front 31

Chuci jizhu 楚辭集注*
[no asterisk]

Back 31

- Zhu Xi's commentary on chuci 楚辭

Front 32

Zhuzi yulei 朱子語類*

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- Zhu Xi's sayings
- contains many statements on literature and is particularly valuable for his theories of reading (dufa 讀法*) for the Poems.

Front 33

dufa 讀法*
[no asterisk]

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- reading for the poems,
- proposed by Zhu Xi

Front 34

白鹿洞書院*
[no asterisk]

Back 34

- Zhu Xi’s White Deer Grotto Academy
- where Zhu Xi invited Lu Jiuyuan to lecture on the Analects

Front 35

Chen Liang 陳亮*
[no asterisk]

Back 35

- 1143-1194
- a pragmatic theorist (known as “Shixue” 實學),
- strongly opposed the speculative interests of Daoxue

Front 36

Ye Shi 葉適*
[no asterisk]

Back 36

- 1150-1223
- a native of Yongjia 永嘉 (modern Wenzhou 溫州, Zhejiang)
- known as Shuixin xiansheng 水心先生
- also a pragmatic theorist (known as “Shixue” 實學),
- strongly opposed the speculative interests of Daoxue

Front 37

Yongjia xuepai 永嘉學派*
[no asterisk]

Back 37

- Yongjia School
- The tradition of learning Ye Shi represented, noted for its pragmatic concerns and its reconciliation of “interest” 利 and “righteousness” 義 as opposed to Zhu Xi’s Lixue 理學 and Lu Jiuyuan’s Xinxue 心學,

Front 38

Yongjia siling 永嘉四靈*

Back 38

- so called because each of the four had the character ling 靈 in his courtesy name (zi), and they were all natives of Yongjia.
- Xu Zhao 徐照 (d. 1211), Xu Ji 徐璣 (1162-1214), Weng Juan 翁卷, and Zhao Shixiu 趙師秀 (d. 1219).
- the chief representatives of the regulated verse style of the Late Tang
- preferred regulated verse in the five syllable line

Front 39

yuan 圓*
[no asterisk]

Back 39

- “roundness”
- the formal and stylistic perfection of regulated verse
- something required intense effort, but could be taught and learned from Tang models

Front 40

Tang Santishi 唐三體詩*

Back 40

- Poetry in Three Forms, namely regulated verse in the five and seven syllable line, and quatrains in the seven syllable line
- Zhou Bi's 周弼 pedagogic anthology of Tang verse
- compiled in 1250

Front 41

shi 實*
[no asterisk]

Back 41

- "solid"
- a term in poetic

Front 42

“empty” (xu 虛*)
[no asterisk]

Back 42

- “empty”
- a term in poetics

Front 43

Canglang shihua 滄浪詩話*

Back 43

- put together by Yan Yu 嚴羽* probably in the 2nd quarter of 13th century
- mixing an extended discussion of the commonplace comparison between poetry and Chan enlightenment, but restricting poetic perfection to the High Tang. Implicitly Yan Yu was taking up arms against the recent popularity of Late Tang regulated verse

Front 44

shifa 詩法
[no asterisk]

Back 44

-poetic technique

Front 45

Shiren yuxie 詩人玉屑*
[no asterisk]

Back 45

- by Wei Qingzhi’s 魏慶之
- first published in 1244
Here we find citations from earlier shihua organized around topics in poetics, followed by another section in a more conventional arrangement based on the chronology of the poets discussed.

Front 46

Yuequan yinshe 月泉吟社*

Back 46

- Moon River Chanting Club
- in 1286, the club sent out to all the poetry clubs in the South the topic “Various Responses to Fields and Garden on Spring Days” Chunri tianyuan zaxing 春日田園雜興 (based on Fan Chengda’s famous set) and received 2735 juan of submissions, from which 280 poems and passages were selected. The results were published in 1287 as the Yuequan yinshe shi 月泉吟社詩*.

Front 47

Jianghu xiaoji 江湖小集*
[no asterisk]

Back 47

- a collection published by Chen Qi 陳起 in 1230s
- presenting the works of contemporary poets outside public life

Front 48

Jianghu shipai 江湖詩派*

Back 48

from Jianghu xiaoji came a general term for such poets, called 江湖詩派*. Most famous: Liu Kezhuang 劉克莊 (1187-1269)

Front 49

Dai Fugu 戴復古*
[no asterisk]

Back 49

- 1167-ca.1248
- one of the best known Jianghu poets, He was an urbane client of the wealthy and powerful, a professional to a certain degree, and a very popular poet of the era.

Front 50

Liu Kezhuang 劉克莊*

Back 50

- 1187-1269
- The most famous among the Jianghu poets, a prolific writer whose collection comprises 196 juan, forty-eight juan of which makes up his poetry.

Front 51

yimin 遺民*
[no asterisk]

Back 51

- "leftover subjects", but often translated as “loyalists.”
- retain an inner allegiance to a fallen dynasty and refuse to serve a new dynasty

Front 52

Wen Tianxiang 文天祥*

Back 52

- 1236-1282
- Record of the Compass, Zhinan lu 指南錄*;
When Hangzhou was besieged by Mongol armies in 1276, Wen Tianxiang was sent out to negotiate with the Mongol general Bayan. It was a question whether the “Southerners,” nanren 南人, were “real men,” nanren 男人. Bayan was supposed to have admired Wen’s courage as a “real man,” and Wen was proud of that. Wen was detained by the Mongols, then escaped down the Yangzi, finally reaching Song resistance forces in Fujian. Eventually he was recaptured and was on board the Mongol naval forces at the final defeat of the Song fleet and the death of the baby Emperor. Wen was next taken to Dadu 大都 (Beijing), where Khubilai was seeking to gain the allegiance of former Song officials. Wen refused to submit, was kept in prison for several years and finally executed. Wrote poetry and prose about his experiences.

Front 53

Zhinan lu 指南錄*

Back 53

- Wen Tianxiang's poetic diary, with prose passages interspersed with verse

Front 54

Ji Du 集杜*
[no asterisk]

Back 54

- by Wen Tianxiang
- poems composed by stringing together lines from Du Fu.

Front 55

Xie Ao 謝翱*
[no asterisk]

Back 55

- 1249-1295
was a failed examination candidate who brought his local militia into Wen Tianxiang’s guerilla organization; and after Wen’s capture and execution, he composed a famous memorial to Wen’s soul in 1291. His approximately 200 poems are often obscure, with a bitter intensity clearly modeled on Li He and Meng Jiao. He was also an excellent prose writer.

Front 56

Xie Bingde 謝枋得*
[no asterisk]

Back 56

- 1226-1289
- passed the examination in the same year as Wen Tianxiang and joined in the fight against Yuan incursions. When the South fell, he went into hiding and refused to answer repeated summons. He was finally captured and sent to Dadu, where he starved himself to death. Even before the fall Xie Bingde represented a growing dissatisfaction with the literary culture of the South and its lack of commitment. As was the case with Xie Ao, the experience of the fall brought out a strength in his poetry.

Front 57

Lin Jingxi 林景熙
[no asterisk]

Back 57

- 1242-1310
-He is best known for an incident in which a Tibetan religious leader under the Mongols plundered the tombs of the Southern Song emperors. Lin and his friends gathered up the scattered bones and reburied them. He commemorated the event in a poem “Winter Green Blooms” 冬青花. Lin lived most of his literary life under the Yuan; and like others of the time, the motif of the fallen dynasty was strong in his work.

Front 58

Wang Yuanliang 汪元量*
[no asterisk]

Back 58

- 1241-after1317
- court zither master
- accompanied the court to the north and visit Wen Tianxiang in prison, where Wen wrote a preface to Wang's poetry collection
- his 湖州歌 gave a vivid account of this period

Front 59

Zheng Sixiao 鄭思肖*

Back 59

- 1241-1318
- the last loyalist

Front 60

Xinshi 心史*
[no asterisk]

Back 60

- History of the Heart
- by 鄭思肖*
- its authenticity has been doubted by scholars since it was found in a well at the end of the Ming

Front 61

Yingkui lüsui 瀛奎律髓*

Back 61

- Fang Hui's 方回 (1227-1307) of Tang and Song regulated verses, with his critical comments.

Front 62

Suxue 蘇學*

Back 62

- in which Su Shi was considered the dominant model for poetry.
- part of Jin’s claim to the legacy of the Northern Song

Front 63

Zhao Bingwen 趙秉文*
[no asterisk]

Back 63

- 1159-1232
- Yuan Haowen’s teacher
- a leading exponent of Suxue

Front 64

Wang Ruoxu 王若虛*
[no asterisk]

Back 64

- 1174-1243
- a classical scholar and critic who was the voice of Jin austerity against the more subtle Southern Song

Front 65

Tangshi guichui 唐詩鼓吹*
[no asterisk]

Back 65

- an anthology of Tang poetry
- compiled by Yuan Haowen

Front 66

lunshi sanshi shou 論詩三十首*

Back 66

- Yuan Haowen's thirty quatrains “On Poetry,”
- Yuan Haowen's probably now best known for it

Front 67

石湖

Back 67

Fan Chengda was famed for his estate at Stone Lake 石湖*, from which he took his toponym.

Front 68

唐詩紀事
Tangshi Jishi

Back 68

a large anthology with anecdotal comments on Tang poetry by Ji Yougong 計有功 in the Shaoxing Era (1131-1162).

Front 69

王灼
Wang Zhuo

Back 69

12th Century, wrote Biji manzhi 碧雞漫志*, notes on musical traditions, including extensive comments on song lyrics, making this the ancestor of the genre that came to be known as “remarks on song lyric,” cihua 詞話*.

Front 70

胡仔

Back 70

12th Century, wrote Tiaoxi yuyin conghua 苕溪漁隱叢話, an anthology of shihua.

Front 71

孟元老
Meng Yuanlao

Back 71

lived in Bianjing for 23 years before the fall of the Northern Song; an author otherwise unknown; wrote the Dongjing menghua lu 東京夢華錄.