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51 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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role of amygdala |
-located in the interior of the temporal lobe -recieves input from any cortical and subcortical areas |
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ways to decrease anger |
pausing for a while before you act -lying on your back |
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Who are at greater risk of violence? |
-people who were abused in childhood -people who witnessed violent abuse between their parents -people who live in a violent neighbourhood -people who are exposed to lead |
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is there an angry gene? |
no, various kinds of aggressive behavior occurs under different circumstances - there is no link between any single gene and aggressive behavior
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anger with regards to interactions between heredity and enviornment |
violent is particularly enhance in people with both a genetic predisposition and a trouble early environment |
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monoamine oxidase A |
-breaks down the neurotransmitters dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin, thus lowering the available amounts - researchers find little difference in aggressive or other antisocial, on avg, between people with high or low amounts of MAO |
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Affects of MAO with childhood experience |
child treated well: antisocial behaviour was low regardless of their MAO a little mistreated: rate of antisocial beaver increased, but their MAO levels did not make much difference seriously maltreated: rate of antisocial behaviour was significantly higher for those with low MAO activity |
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What relationship did Caspi et al. report between the enzyme MAO and antisocial behaviour? |
people with genes for high or low production of MAO do not differ significantly in their probability of antisocial behaviour. However, among those who suffered serious maltreatment during childhood, people with lower levels of the enzyme showed higher rates of antisocial behaviour |
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Men with high levels of both (blank) and (blank) are likely to inhibit their violent impulses. (blank) ale tend to inhibit violent impulses |
testosterone; cortisol; serotonin |
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Stimuli to Measure people's ability to identify emotion |
for each six emotions, researchers prepared views ranging from 0% to 100% expression of the emotion. In this case, the emotion is anger. Women identifies the expression more quickly on avg, after a placebo injection than after a testosterone injection |
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affects of testosterone on certain areas of the brain |
-increasing the response of emotion-related areas -decreasing the ability of the cerebral cortex to identify the emotion consciously |
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how does testosterone influence emotional and cognitive responses to a facial expression of anger? |
it decreases the ability to recognize the expression consciously but increases the responses in emotion-related areas of the brain
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Serotonin Synapses and Aggressive Behaviour |
several lines of evidence link aggressive behaviour to low serotonin release |
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What happened to the serotonin levels when male mice were isolated for 4 weeks |
increased their aggressive behaviour and decreased their serotonin turnover |
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How do we measure the amount of serotonin in the body? |
measure the turnover rate (amount that neurons released and replaced) |
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5-hyrdroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) |
serotonins main metabolite -researchers estimate serotonin turnovers from their concentration |
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if we want to know how much serotonin the brain has been releasing, what should we measure? |
the concentration of 5-HIAA, a serotonin metabolite, in the cerebrospinal fluid or other body fluids. The more 5;HIAA, the more serotonin has been release and presumably resytnhesized |
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Given that monkey with low serotonin turnover pick many fights and in most cases die young, what keeps natural selection from eliminating the genes for low serotonin turnover |
many of the survivors achieve a dominant status that enables them to get more of the food and to reproduce more frequently. Monkeys with high serotonin turnover survive, but at the cost of accepting a low status |
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low serotonin in humans |
-found to have a history of violent behaviour including people convicted of arson and other violent crimes |
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The relationship between violence and low serotonin levels in the normal population |
studies often find a weak relationship and sometimes a relationship in the opposite direction (less aggression by people with low 5-HIAAA) |
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People with less active forms of tryptophan hydroxylase |
more likely to report to report frequent anger and aggression and more likely to make violent suicide attempts |
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Is serotonin's role specific to aggression? |
no |
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what change in diet can alter the production of serotonin |
to raise the production of serotonin, increase consumption of tryptophan or decrease consumption of proteins high in phenyalanine and other large amino acids that compete with tryptophan for entry to the brain |
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startle reflex |
response that one makes after a sudden, unexpected loud noise or similiar sudden stimulus -its really fast |
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Why is the startle reflex so fast? |
auditory information goes first to the cochlear nucleus in the medulla and from there directly to an area in the pons that commands tensing the muscles, especially the neck muscles |
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Why is it important to tense the neck muscles? |
the neck is so vulnerable to injury |
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Who will have a stronger reaction? someone who is relaxed or someone who is already tense?
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someone who is already tense |
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What part of the brain is important for enhancing the startle reflex? |
amygdala |
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Why is the circuitry in the amygdala well suited to establishing conditioned fears? |
celling the amygdala, especially in the basolateral and central nuclei, get input from pain fibbers as well as vision of hearing |
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Amygdala and Learned Fears |
the central amygdala receives sensory input from the lateral and basolateral amygdala. It sends output to the central gray area of the midbrain, which relays information to a nucleus in the points responsible for the startle reflex |
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What happens when there is damage anywhere along the route from amygdala to pons? |
it interferes with learned fears that modify the startle reflex. |
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What if there is damage to the amygdala? |
it still shows a normal startle relax, but signals before the noise do not modify the reflex (eg. a light before the shock) |
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Toxoplasma gondii |
-a protozoan that infects many mammals but reproduces only in cats -when a parasite enters a rat, it migrates to the brain where it apparently damages the amygdala |
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bed nucleus of the stria terminalis |
a set of neurones that connect to the amygdala -critical for long-term adjustments of anxiety whereas the amygdala is responsible for fear of individual items |
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What brain mechanism enables the startle reflex to be so fast? |
Loud noises activate a path from the cochlea to cells in the pons that trigger a tensing of neck muscles |
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How could a researcher use the startle reflex to determine whether some stimulus causes fear?
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present the stimulus before giving a loud noise. If the stimulus increases the startle reflex beyond its usual level, then the stimulus produced fear |
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Amygdala Response and Direction of Gaze |
the amygdala responds more strongly to an angry face directed away from the viewer to a frightened face directed toward the viewer |
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fear responses and political attitudes |
on average, people who show a stronger startle response to loud noises ten to favour greater reliance on military and police powers |
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what evidence indicates that amygdala activity corresponds to the effort needed for interpreting emotional information? |
the amygdala responds more strongly to a fearful face directed at the viewer, rather than a similar face looking to the side. People usually find it easier to understand a fearful face looking to the side |
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what can we predict about someone if we know the strength of that person's amygdala responses to upsetting pictures of loud noises? |
people with a highly reactive amygdala are likely to report many negative emotional experiences during a day, to show strong responses to stressful experiences, and to factor strong reliance on military and police power |
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Urbach-Wiethe disease |
-suffer from skin lesions -many accumulate calcium in the amygdala until it wastes away -fail to recognize he emotional expressions in faces (especially fear or disgust) -focus on the nose and mouth rather than eyes |
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alternative function of the amygdala |
perhaps it is responsible for detecting emotional information and directing other brain areas to pay attention to it in the proper ways |
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Why do people with amygdala damage have trouble recognizing expressions of fear? |
they focus their vision on the nose and mouth. expressions of fear depend on almost entirely on the eyes |
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panic disorder |
condition marked by frequent periods of anxiety and rapid breathing, increased heart rate, sweating and trembling -extreme arousal of the sympathetic nervous system - more common in women than in men and far more common in adolescents and young adults than older adults -associated with decreased activity of the neurotransmitter GABA and increased levels of orexin (maintaining wakefulness and activity) |
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joint laxity and panic disorder |
panic disorder occurs in about 15% of people with joint laxity, commonly known as being "double-jointed" - if double jointed people do not have panic disorders, they tend to have stronger fears than most people do |
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Anxiety is increased by the transmitters (blank) ad (blank) in the amygdala or hippocampus |
orexin and CCK (cholecystokinin) |
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What drugs are available to inhibit anxiety? |
drugs that increase the activity of the transmitter GABA -benzodiazepines (diazepam [valium] and alprozolam [Xanax]) |
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Benzodiazepines |
-anti-anxiety drugs -bind to GABA receptors (includes a site that binds GABA as well as sites that modify the sensitivity of the GABA site) |
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GABA receptor complex |
-at centre of the GABAa receptor is a chloride channel, which hyper polarizes (inhibits the synapse) the cell once it allowed Cl-
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What would be the effect of benzodiazepines on someone who had no Gaba? |
benzodiazepines facilitate the effects of GABA, so a person without GABA would have no response to benzodiazepines |
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Why is extinction more effective a few minutes after a brief reminder of the original learning? |
the reminder brings the representation of the learning into a labile state from which is can be reconsolidated or extinguished |
