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16 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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results from the force of attraction between a cation and an anion
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Ionic bond
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results when an atom may share electrons w/ one or more other atoms to acquire a filled valence shell
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Covalent bond
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What is a single bond & how many electrons are shared?Relation to bond strength?
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2 atoms share exactly one pair of electrons. strong bond
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What is a double bond & how many electrons are shared?Relation to bond strength?
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consists of two pairs of shared electrons stronger bond than single (strength NOT doubled - atoms will be a little closer together than single bond) Will see sp2 hybrid orbitals
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What is a triple bond & how many electrons are shared?Relation to bond strength?
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consist of three pairs of shared electrons; strongest bond (atoms very close together)
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Shell 1 contains what distribution of orbitals?
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one 1s orbital
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Shell 2 contains what distribution of orbitals?
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one 2s & three 2p orbitals
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Be able to determine if a carbon is chiral.
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chiral is when two mirror images of a molecule that cannot be superposed onto each other. (AKA enantiomers or optical isomers).
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Be able to determine if a stereocenter is R or S. (When one carbon w/ four different substituents bonded)
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First assign priority of hi->low. Put lowest element away & group of three higher towards you. Assign 1,2,3. If reading the groups 1-2-3 is clockwise = R, counter-clockwise = S
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How do you determine if a molecule is "cis" or "trans"
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CIS you will see equal elements on the same side; TRANS will be on opposite sides
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How do you determine the priority according to the Cahn-Ingold-Prelog sequence?
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Rule 1: rank atoms that are connected @ comparison point (higher atomic # = higher priority
Rule 2: If atomic # same, compare @ next connecting points @ same distance Rule 3: Substituent is drawn w/ connections shown & no double/triple bonds (if double bond to Oxygen-valued as if it had no attached atoms) |
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Be able to determine the E,Z designation.
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E (entgegen) = higher priority groups are on opposite sides
Z (zusammen) = higher priority groups are on same side used when Cis/Trans nomenclature can not be determined |
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In weak or strong bases carboxylic acids will form what?
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metal carboxylate salts
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Amies, whether soluble or insoluble in water, react quantitatively with strong acids to form what?
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water-soluble salts
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What are some things that will increase solubility?
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Ionic bonds, functional groups w/ O or N w/ intermolecular bonds to H2O, low polar to nonpolar ratios, more branching
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What are the 6 common functional groups?
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-Alcohol
-Amine -Aldehyde -Ketone -Carboxylic Acid -Carboxylic Ester |
