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58 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
The two constituents of chromosomes are _____________ & _____________.
Proteins & DNA
In DNA ___________, DNA makes more of itself
Replication
_______________ were first isolated as part of the phosphorus-containing compound nuclein from pus and sperm by Friedrich Miescher
Nucleic acids
In the early 1900's, nuclein was resolved into an acidic compound, nucleic acid and a basic component, primarily proteins, known as ____________
histones
______________ is a change in genotype (genetic makeup) and phenotype (appearance) due to the assimilation of a foreign substance (now known to be DNA) by a cell.
Transformation
_________, McCarty, & __________(1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent
Avery, __________, & __________ (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent
__________, __________, & __________ (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod (1944)
Identified DNA as the transforming agent
Describe the experiment conducted by Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod.
Avery, McCarty, & MacLeod isolated S strain proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and DNA one at a time and introduced them to R strain to see which would induce transformation.
Alfred _________ and Martha ________ (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2
___________ and ____________ (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2
Alfred Hershey and Martha Chase (1952)
showed that DNA was the genetic material of the bacteriophage T2
In the Hershey Chase experiment, phage T2 attacks Escherichia coli, a common _____________ of mammals
intestinal bacteria
True or false: phage T2 attacks Escherichia coli, a common intestinal bacteria of mammals
True
True or false: proteins do not contain phosphorus
True
The ________________ experiment was the 1st real use radioisotopes in biology
Hershey & Chase
Hershey and Chase tagged protein with ___________
radioactive sulpher
Hershey and Chase tagged DNA with ___________
radioactive phosphorus
2 types of nucleic acids: _________ and _________.
DNA and RNA
____________ is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
Nucleotide:
True or false: a nucleotide is composed of a 6-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
False. a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
True or false: a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
True.
True or false: a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, hydrogen base and phosphate group
False. a nucleotide is a 5-carbon sugar, nitrogen-rich base and phosphate group
______________- a polymer of single nucleotides [ATCG (U)] made by linking nucleotides together via phosphodiester bond
polynucleotide
polynucleotide - a polymer of single nucleotides [ATCG (U)] made by linking nucleotides together via ______________ bond
phosphodiester
What is a polynucleotide?
a polymer of single nucleotides [ATCG (U)] made by linking nucleotides together via phosphodiester bond
____________ (1947)- developed a series of rules based on a survey of base composition of DNA in organisms
Erwin Chargaff
Who was Erwin Chargaff?
(1947)- developed a series of rules for DNA structure & composition based on a survey of base composition of DNA in organisms
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached
to the _________ of the next
nucleotide in line.
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached
to the sugar of the next
nucleotide in line.
In DNA, the ___________ group of
one nucleotide is attached
to the sugar of the next
nucleotide in line.
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached
to the sugar of the next
nucleotide in line.
In _____________, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached
to the sugar of the next
nucleotide in line.
In DNA, the phosphate group of
one nucleotide is attached
to the sugar of the next
nucleotide in line.
True or False: DNA is read from 5' end to 3' end.
True
True or False: DNA is read from 3' end to 5' end.
False. DNA is read from 5' end to 3' end.
Maurice Wilkins and Rosalind Franklin used ______________ to study the structure of DNA
X-ray crystallography
___________ = Long thin rigid rod
Molecule
True or False: Both purines and pyrimidines are flat in the ring plane.
True.
True or False: Both purines and pyrimidines are non-flat in the ring plane.
False. Both purines and pyrimidines are flat in the ring plane.
True or False: in DNA, sugar is on the inside because it is hydrophillic.
True.
True or False: sugars and phosphates make up the backbone onto which the nitrogenous bases are fixed.
True.
What is the distance of one "turn" of a DNA helix?
3.4nm
What is the difference between minor grooves and major grooves in DNA?
Minor grooves are the smaller grooves between two complementary strands of DNA in the double helix. Major grooves are the larger spaces between "turns" in DNA.
Each strand in a duplex of DNA is ______________ to each other, each can form a template when separated.
complementary.
True or False: The order of bases on one strand can be used to add in complementary bases and therefore duplicate the pairs of bases exactly.
True
True or False: DNA strands are complimentary, but only one can be used for replication.
False. The order of bases on one strand can be used to add in complementary bases and therefore duplicate the pairs of bases exactly.
What is the significance of the Meselson-Stahl experiment?
They confirmed DNA hybridization (incompmlete)
DNA replication is:
a) accurate to 1 error in 1 billion
b) accurate to 1 error in 1 million
c) 100% accurate
d) roughly 98% accurate
a) accurate to 1 error in 1 billion
More than ___________ enzymes and other proteins participate in DNA replication.
1 dozen
The Nobel Prize was given to Arthur Kornberg for his work on _______________.
identifying the biochemical mechanism of DNA replication
Severo Ochoa got the Nobel Prize for his work on ________________.
identifying the biochemical mechanism of RNA replication
Where does DNA replication start?
special sites termed "origins of replication" (single site in prokaryotes, multiple sites in eukaryotes)
Enzymes called _____________ separate, or "unwind", the DNA strands
helicases
DNA _____________ synthesize DNA by adding a nucleotide that is complementary to the base in the template strand
polymerases
How is the new DNA strand oriented?
5' ---> 3'
In DNA replication, the lagging strand is synthesized discontinuously in short segments called:
a) Okinawa fragments
b) Nagasaki groups
c) Okazaki fragments
d) Nitrile groups
c) Okazaki fragments
_____________ “proofreads” each nucleotide added to new DNA strand
DNA Polymerase
If incorrect, DNA Polymerase ___________
removes incorrect nucleotides, and resumes synthesis
What are the two important types of repair mechanisms?
Mismatch repair, and Nucleotide Excision Repair (don't need to know steps).
The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the ____________ of daughter DNA strands.
The usual replication machinery provides no way to complete the 5’ ends of daughter DNA strands.
Eukaryotic chromosome ends have special nucleotide sequences called _______________.
telomeres