Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
44 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
mean blood pressure formula
|
Pavg = Pdiastolic + 1/3 (Psystolic - P diastolic)
|
|
|
Total peripheral resistance formula
|
TPR = mean blood pressure / cardiac output
|
|
|
Fick's principle
|
oxygen uptake, arterial oxygen - venous oxygen (a-v)
|
|
|
Renal clearance
|
clearance of X = clearance * [x]plasma = urine flow * (X urine)
|
|
|
Henderson- Hasselbach
|
pH = pka + log (salt/acid)
|
|
|
Diffusion (Fick's Law)
|
flow = diffusion coeffecient * area (concentration gradient/membrane thickness)
Lung--> flow = DL * concentration gradient |
|
|
Elasticity
|
change in pressure / change in volume
|
|
|
compliance "stretchability"
|
1/elasticity = change in volume / change in pressure
|
|
|
K+ channels
|
maintain resting membrane potential
|
|
|
Na+ channels
|
repolarization
|
|
|
Cl- channels
|
inhibitory postsynaptic potentials
|
|
|
What receptors activate Gq?
|
"HAve M&Ms" H1, alpha-1, M-1, M-3
|
|
|
What receptors activate Gi?
|
MAD-2s, M2, alpha-2, D-2
|
|
|
What does the Gq pathway activate?
|
increase in phospholipase C--> IP3/DAG
|
|
|
increase in cGMP
|
nitric oxide, atrial nitroprusside
|
|
|
tyrosine kinase
|
insulin, growth factors
|
|
|
What are the fastest-->slowest nerve fibers?
|
(large diameter) A-alpha > A-gamma > A-beta, A-delta > C > B,C (small diameter)
|
|
|
What is the touch receptor for pressure?
|
Merkel cells (slow adapting)
|
|
|
What is the light touch receptor?
|
Meissner's corpuscle (fast adapting)
|
|
|
What is the vibration receptor?
|
Pacinian corpuscle
|
|
|
What are the pain and temp receptors?
|
spinothalmic free endings
|
|
|
accomodation--near object
|
ciliary muscles contract
zonula fibers relax lens rounds focal length shortens |
|
|
accomodation--far object
|
ciliary muscle relaxes
zonula fibers contract lens flattens focal length far |
|
|
What is the cochlea made of?
|
scala vestibuli, scala media, scala tympani
|
|
|
What does the weber detect?
|
sound--conduction deafness (lateralized to sick ear) & nerve deafness (lateralized to normal ear)
|
|
|
What does the rinne test detect?
|
conduction-- conduction deafness (bone conduction > air conduction) nerve deafness (air conduction > bone conduction)
|
|
|
4 ways to decrease BP (autonomics)
|
blocks nicotinic ganglionic receptors, block beta receptors
block alpha- receptors stimulate alpha-2 receptors |
|
|
What is the signal transduction in muscarinic receptors?
|
M1, M3--> PLC--> IP3, DAG
M2, M4-->inhibit adenylate cyclase--> decrease in cAMP |
|
|
nicotinic ganglionic antagonist
|
hexamethonium
|
|
|
nicotinic (motor endplate) antagonist
|
tubocurarine
|
|
|
muscarinic antagonist
|
atropine
|
|
|
Norepinephrine effect on vascular tone
|
vasoconstriction (stimulates alpha receptors)
|
|
|
Epinephrine effect on vascular tone
|
vasodialation (stimulates alpha and beta receptors)
|
|
|
Epinephrine injection (effect on heart)
|
increased systolic
decreased diastolic (vasodialation) |
|
|
Norepinephrine injection (effect on heart)
|
increased systolic
increased diastolic |
|
|
What is the Frank Starling mxnsm?
|
increases preload-->muscle filament overlap-->increase in stroke volume
|
|
|
muscle spindle function
|
measures muscle length (gamma efferent, 1A efferent)
|
|
|
golgi tendon organ function
|
muscle tension (1B efferent)
|
|
|
What are the "fast twitch" muscles?
|
white skeletal muscle
|
|
|
What are the "slow twitch" muscles?
|
red skeletal muscle
|
|
|
perfusion highest (lungs)
|
base
|
|
|
V/Q
|
top of the lungs (TB)
|
|
|
deep fast inspirations
|
kussmals (diabetic ketoacidosis)
|
|
|
apneic episodes
|
biot
|
