01.12.00 Psyc - Statistics, Tests, & Measurement

Front 1

A __________ __________ a measure used to describe the relationship between two variables and the magnitude of that relationship.

Back 1

Correlation Coefficients

Hint 1

Higher numbers (correlation coefficients) indicate stronger relationships between variables (in spite of the direction of the relationship). A correlation coefficient of .00 indicates that the relationship between two variables occurred merely by chance.

Front 2

______________ is the extent to which a test measures what it claims to measure.

Back 2

Validity

Front 3

______________ ___________ is how well test scores are able to predict the actual type of behavior the test is supposed to measure.

Back 3

Predictive Validity

Front 4

_________ ___________ (also known as conduct validity) is whether the tests appears as if it measures what it's supposed to.

Back 4

Face validity

Front 5

_________ __________ is whether scores on a test (such as a questionnaire) are related in expected ways (such as positively or negatively) to scores on other tests or questionnaires.

Back 5

Construct Validity

Front 6

_______________ is the consistency of results in a test, meaning the test obtains the same results over time.

Back 6

Reliability

Hint 6

When there are differences in test scores, the researcher must see if there are actual differences in the characteristic being measured or if the differences are due to errors in the testing.

Test-retest reliability is the consistency of scores across many test administrations. For example, if an individual takes a test five times, does he or she get the same score each time the test is taken? If a person has taken a test twice, a researcher can develop a correlation coefficient between the two scores to see whether or not the scores from each test are highly correlated.

Front 7

The ___________ is the score or point at which half of the scores fall below and half of the scores fall above. Basically, it is the middle number when numbers are arranged in ascending to descending order.

Back 7

Median Score

Front 8

______________ ________, have been taken by large numbers of people with a certain identified characteristic (gender, race, etc.) in order to know how well others performed relative to persons who have already taken the test.

Back 8

Standardized Tests

Front 9

_____________ is the process of choosing a representative subset from a larger population (such as all Canadians, all elementary school students, etc.).

Back 9

Sampling

Front 10

Researchers work to make statistical inferences from large groups known as ____________.

Back 10

The Populations

Front 11

Using certain characteristics of the sample, ___________ ___________ are used to make inferences about some unknown aspect of populations.

Back 11

Inferential Statistics

Front 12

_________ _________ uses various techniques (such as mean, median, mode, and standard deviation) to summarize a set of data. This process can be used to collect, classify, summarize, and present data in order to make the data meaningful and thus, accurately describe the sample.

Back 12

Descriptive Statistics

Front 13

____ _____________ is the arithmetic average of all the numbers or scores being considered. To obtain the average, add up all of the scores, and divide that number by the total number of scores that have been added. The standard deviation is an index of how widely scattered scores tend to fall around average.

Back 13

The Mean

Front 14

_______ _________ is the number or score that occurs most often.

Back 14

The Mode

Front 15

____________ _________ are aimed at telling how well a person might learn a certain skill.

Back 15

Aptitude Tests

Front 16

______________ ____________ are used to form impressions of others and have a high reliability.

Back 16

Behavioral Observations

Front 17

Inferential statistics may use data gathered through Descriptive Statistics (i.e. mean, mode, median, etc.) in order to draw a conclusion. In order to make inferences about populations based on characteristics of the sample, researchers use _____________ __________.

Back 17

Statistical Significance

Hint 17

If a relationship (in a correlational study) or a difference between two means (in an experiment) is statistically significant, it means that the relationship or difference did not likely occur by chance if there was not a relationship or difference in the population the samples originated from.