112 Bfcp2A Biochemistry Tca

Front 1

sources of acetyl CoA

Back 1

palmitate , alanine, pyruvate, ethanol, glucose, acetoacetate

Front 2

use of acetyl CoA in FED state

Back 2

fatty acid synthesis

Front 3

use of acetyl CoA in long fasted state

Back 3

ketone body synthesis

Front 4

synthetic uses of acetyl CoA

Back 4

amino acids, sterols, isoprenoids, fatty acids, ketone bodies

Front 5

primary use of acetyl CoA in fasted state

Back 5

fuel source for the citric acid cycle

Front 6

enzyme used to make acetyl CoA

Back 6

pyruvate dehydrogenase complex (PDC)

Front 7

five coenzymes of PDC

Back 7

thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, Coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), NAD+

Front 8

what is the effect of acetyl CoA on PDC?

Back 8

inhibition

Front 9

whati is the effect of insulin on PDC?

Back 9

activation

Front 10

vitamin B1

Back 10

thiamine

Front 11

source of lipoic acid

Back 11

carbohydrates and amino acids

Front 12

precursor to Coenzyme A

Back 12

pantothenic acid (vitamin B5)

Front 13

precursor to FAD

Back 13

riboflavin (vitamin B2)

Front 14

precursor to NAD

Back 14

niacin (vitamin B3)

Front 15

activates PDC by dephosphorylation

Back 15

pyruvate dehydrogenase phosphatase

Front 16

inactivates PDC by phosphorylation

Back 16

pyruvate dehydrogenase phophorylase

Front 17

condition associated with thiamine deficiency that leads to congestive heart failure

Back 17

Wet beriberi

Front 18

mental derangement, deliruium , and psychosis caused by thiamine deficiency

Back 18

Wernicke-Korsakoff

Front 19

chromosome linked to PDH deficiency (causes lactic acidosis and neurological damage)

Back 19

X (rare)

Front 20

net energy products from one cycle of the TCA cycle

Back 20

3 NADH, 1 FAD(2H), 1 ATP (GTP)

Front 21

what is the function of citrate synthase?

Back 21

It generates citrate by condensing acetyl CoA with oxaloacetate. (An exothermic, irreversible process that also liberates CoASH)

Front 22

two(irreversible) oxidative decarboxylation reactions of the TCA cycle

Back 22

isocitrate to α-ketoglutarate (isocitrate dehydrogenase) & α-ketoglutarate to succinyl CoA (α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex)

Front 23

what is the electron acceptor for the oxidative decarboxylations of the TCA cycle?

Back 23

NAD+

Front 24

what are the activators and inhibitors of isocitrate dehydrogenase (a major control point of the TCA cycle)?

Back 24

NADH (inhibitor), ADP and Ca2+ (activators)

Front 25

cofactors of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Back 25

thiamine pyrophosphate, lipoic acid, Coenzyme A, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), NAD+

Front 26

inhibitors and activators of α-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase complex

Back 26

NADH (inhibitor), Ca2+ (activator)

Front 27

enzymes of three highly exergonic and regulated reactions in the TCA cycle

Back 27

citrate synthase, isocitrate dehydrogenase & α-ketoglutarate DH

Front 28

inhibitor of malate dehydrogenase

Back 28

NADH

Front 29

activator of citrate synthase

Back 29

citrate

Front 30

how is the citric acid cycle amphibolic

Back 30

it oxidizes acetyle CoA and metabolizes some amino acids (catabolism) & it provies citrate for fatty acid synthesis, intermediates for amino acid synthesis, oxaloacetate and malate for glucose synthesis, and succinylCo for porphyrin biosynthesis (anabolism)

Front 31

in what way are valine, isoleucine, methionine, threonine, and odd-chain fatty acids anaplerotic

Back 31

they can all form succinyl CoA via propionyl CoA

Front 32

In what way are amino acids anaplerotic with reference to the TCA cycle?

Back 32

many can be converted to pyruvate

Front 33

what is an anaplerotic reaction that can replenish oxaloacetate?

Back 33

pyruvate carboxylase can add a CO2 to pyruvate

Front 34

What amino acid is anaplerotic with respect to oxaloactate?

Back 34

aspartate

Front 35

What amino acid serves as an intermediate for other amino acids in an anaplerotic reaction that produces α-ketoglutarate?

Back 35

glutamate

Front 36

What coenzyme is required for pyruvate carboxylase to carboxylate pyruvate using bicarbonate?

Back 36

biotin (also uses ATP)

Front 37

What substance allosterically activates pyruvate carboxylase?

Back 37

acetyl CoA

Front 38

What happens to citric acid cycle intermediates in the liver during starvation?

Back 38

They are used for glucose and a.a. synthesis.

Front 39

What happens in the liver during starvation as a consequence of an inablitity to metabolize acetyl CoA?

Back 39

Ketone bodies are synthesized leading to possible ketoacidosis.

Front 40

What consequence doe hepatic encephalopathy have on the TCA cycle?

Back 40

A rise in ammonia levels leads to the diversion of α-ketoglutarate to combine with NH4+ to produce glutamate (impairing theTCA cycle).