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15 Cards in this Set
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1) List the first step of Glycolysis, it's product, inhibitors, promoters, and the enzyme that makes it possible.
What co-factor is needed? |
Reaction: Glucose to Glucose 6-Phosphate - Irreversible, regulated.
Inhibitors: Glucogon, Glucose 6-Phosphate and Fructose 6-Phosphate Promoters: Insulin, Glucose, Epinephrine Enzyme Glucokinase or Hexokinase Co-factor: ATP to ADP |
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Compare/Contrast Glucokinase and Hexokinase
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Glucokinase has low affinity for O2 but a high Vmax. It is in the liver. Makes glycogen.
Hexokinase has high affinity for O2 but a low Vmax. It is in the muscles. Makes pyruvate. Glucose prefers Hexokinase but it only slowly converts glucose to pyruvate. If there is more glucose than Hexokinase can handle, then Glucokinase gets its chance and converts the remainder to Glycogen for storage. |
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Which step commits glucose to glycolysis and why?
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Step 1 - Glucose to Glucose 6-Phosphate. It is the "committed step" because once glucose is phosphorylated, it can no longer fit through any of the membrane transports.
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2) List the second step of Glycolysis it's product, inhibitors and promoters. What co-factor is needed? What is the disease which keeps it from happening.
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Reaction: Glucose 6-Phosphate to Fructose 6-Phosphate - Reversible, not regulated.
Inhibitor: Glucagon Promoter: Insulin Co-Factor: None Disease: G6P Dehydrogenase Deficiency. Lease to NADPH deficiency. Ultimately, this slows Hydrogen Peroxide (H2O2) clearance which leads to an increase in Hine's Bodies and eventual cell lysis. Symptom: Hemourea Additionally, by stopping glycolysis, production of ATP drops precipitously. This will cause autolysis of cells that need it such as RBCs. |
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3) List the third step of Glycolysis, it's product, inhibitors, promoters and the enzyme which makes it happen.
What co-factor is needed? |
Reaction: Fructose 6-Phospate to Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate - Irreversible, Regulated
Inhibitor: Glucagon, ATP, Citrate Promoter: Insulin, AMP, Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate Enzyme: Phosphofruktokinase (PFK1) Co-Factor: ATP to ADP |
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Which enzyme competes with Phosphofructokinase 1 (PFK1) for Fructose 6-Phospate? What does it make and which path does it lead to. Does it require a cofactor?
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Reaction: Fructos 6-Phosphate to Fructose 2,6-Bisphosphate - Reversible, not regulated
Enzyme: Phosphofructokinase 2 (PFK2) Pathway: Gluconeogenesis Cofactor: ATP to ADP |
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4) What is the fourth step of glycolysis, it's product, inhibitor, and promoter?
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Reaction: Fructos 1,6-Bisphosphate to EITHER Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate OR Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate - Reversible, not regulated
Inhibitor: Glucagon Promoter: Insulin |
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Which inhibitors to glycolysis are universal and impede every step?
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Glucagon, Hyperglycemia
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Which promoters of glycolysis are universal and encourage every step?
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Insulin, epinephrine, hypoglycemia
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5) What is the fifth step of glycolysis? What is it's product, inhibitors, promoters and cofactors. What reaction must take place immediately before it?
What two pathologies are involved in this stage? |
Initial Reaction: Dihydroxyacetone Phosphate to Glyceraldehyde 3-Phosphate - Reversible
Enzyme: Isomerase Main Reaction: Glyceraldehyde 3-Phospate to 1,3-Bisphospogylcerate, Irreversible, not regulated Inhibitor: Glucagon Promoter: Insulin, epinephrine Cofactors: Pi, NAD+ to NADH Pathology 1: Pentavelent Arsenic Poisoning - Arsenic binds ADP, forming a Glyceraldehyde 1-Arsenic 3-Phospate complex. This is unstable and quickly degrades to 1,3-Phosphoglycerate without converting an NAD+ to NADH. In the electron transport chain, this NADH would be worth 3 ATP, for a net loss of 1 ATP. Second Pathology: Alcohol abuse. Alcohol requires NAD+ to clear, again competing with the electron transport chain. |
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6) What is the sixth step of glycolysis, its product, inhibitor, promoter and cofactor. What reaction competes with it? What is it's cofactor and clinical relevance?
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Reaction: 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 3-phosphoglycerate - Reversible, not regulated
Inhibitor: glucagon Promoter: Insulin, epinephrine Cofactor: ADP to ATP Competing reaction: 1,3-Bisphosphoglycerate to 2,3-Bisphosphoglycerate - Irreversible, regulated Cofactor: H2O to POH Clinical Relevance: Binds with HbO, lowering it's affinity for O2 even further. Increases O2 release in tissues. 2,3-Bisphosphate can reenter the glycolysis pathway as the seventh step of glycolysis. |
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8) What is the eight stage of glycolysis, its product, inhibitor, promoter and cofactor?
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Reaction: 3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate - Reversible, not regulated
Inhibitor: Glucagon Promoter: Insulin, Epinephrine Cofactor: None |
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9) What is the ninth step of glycolysis, it's inhibitor, promoter, enzyme and cofactor? What is the importance of this inhibitor? This product?
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Reaction: 2-Phosphoglycerate to Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP) - Reversible, not regulated
Inhibitor: Glucagon, Fluoride Promoter: Insulin, epinephrine Enzyme: Enolase Cofactor: None Fluoride: Keeps bacteria on teeth from performing glycolysis. This starves them of ATP and keeps them from depositing lactic acid on the tooth enamel. Phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP): This is a very high energy molecule releasing twice as much energy as ATP. |
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10) What is the final reaction of glycolysis? What is its product, inhibitor, promoter, enzyme and cofactor? What type of reaction is this? What pathology is possibly involved here?
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Reaction: Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate - Irreversible, regulated
Inhibitor: Glucagon, ATP Promoter: Insulin, epinephrine, Fructose 1,6-Bisphosphate Enzyme: Pyruvate Kinase Cofactor: ADP to ATP Reaction Type: Substrate Level Phosphorylation Pathology: Pyruvate Kinase Deficiency - Cells swell because the lack of ATP from glycolysis results in the lysing of cells. (i.e. Hemolytic Anemia) |
