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21 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Define the following

Hyperaemia
Congestion
Effusion
Anasarca
Oedema
Haemorrhage
Shock
Hyperaemia: increased blood level
Congestion:congestion of blood
Effusion:abnormal collection of fluid in a body cavity or space

Anasarca:effusion of fluid into the extracellular space

Oedema:abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body

Haemorrhage: rupture
Shock: inadequate perfusion of tissues which is insufficient to meet cellular metabolic needs
Factors that maintain intercellular homeostasis
Hydrostatic pressure
Intravascular colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure)
Fluid movement controlled by a balance between
hydrodynamic forces inside vessels and within the interstitium
What are normal haemostasis and thrombosis ?
Normal haemostasis results from a regulated process that maintains blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels while inducing a rapid localised haemostatic plug at the site of vascular injury

Thrombosisis pathological and is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in uninjured vessels or thrombotic occlusion of a vessel after relatively minor trauma
What is thrombus? and what are the types of thrombi?
Solid or semi-solid mass formed from the constituents of flowing blood within the vascular system during life

Cardiac Thrombi
Arterial Thrombi
Venous Thrombi
What are differences between thrombus and blood clots?
Thrombus:
Solid mass or semisolid mass
blood elements mixed with fibrin
Forms during life
In circulating blood
Adherent to vessel wall
Pale, friable and dry
Structured, lines of Zahn

Blood Clot
Semi solid, jellylike mass
2 layers: Fibrin + serum separate from blood elements
Forms in test-tube or after death
Static blood or outside circulatory system
Lies loose in vesselMolded to shape vessel
Red colour -Chicken fat colour
Unstructured coagulum
What are the outcomes of thrombus?
1)
Propagation and occlusion
2)Resolution / Dissolution
3)Embolisation
4)Organisation and recanalisation
What is embolism?
Detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
What are types of emboli?
Thrombi and other blood products
Atheroma fragments
Infective, septic
Fat
Tumour fragments
Amniotic fluid
Gas
Foreign material
What is infarction?
An infarct is a localised area of ischaemic necrosis due to obstruction to blood flow (a sudden decrease in arterial supply or obstruction to venous drainage)
What is Virchow’s Triad?
three primary influences predispose to thrombus

Endothelial injury
Abnormal blood flow
hypercoagulability
Differentiate the formation pattern of thrombi in Cardiac/Arterial/Venous
Cardiac/Arterial: retrogade
Venous: in direction of blood flow
lines of Zahn can be seen in which thrombi type?
cardiac and arterial
What are white and red thrombi?
white: cardiac and arterial thrombi
red: venous thrombi
Arterial Thrombogenesis involves?
Intimal (vessel lining) damage
Platelet adherence and activation
Fibrin deposition –laminated thrombus (lines of Zahn)
Propagation and occlusion
Types of embolism?
PULMONARY EMBOLISM
SYSTEMIC EMBOLISM
Causes of Ischaemia?
Arterial obstruction
Venous obstruction
Slow capillary flow
The extent of an infarct will depend on? (3 factors)
The anatomy of the part cardiac output and the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood;

2. The speed with which obstruction developed;

3. The extent and number of healthy collateral vessels
Classification of infarcts?
Color
Infection
Age
Color of Early and old infarct?
early: dark
old:white
Colours of infarc can be?
white/pale: solid organs
red: loose tissues
Types of Gangrene? Describe each
Dry gangrene: sterile mummificaiton
Wet gangrene: secondary bacterial infection
Gas gangrene: anaerobic bacterial infection