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21 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Define the following
Hyperaemia Congestion Effusion Anasarca Oedema Haemorrhage Shock |
Hyperaemia: increased blood level
Congestion:congestion of blood Effusion:abnormal collection of fluid in a body cavity or space Anasarca:effusion of fluid into the extracellular space Oedema:abnormal accumulation of fluid beneath the skin or in one or more cavities of the body Haemorrhage: rupture Shock: inadequate perfusion of tissues which is insufficient to meet cellular metabolic needs |
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Factors that maintain intercellular homeostasis
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Hydrostatic pressure
Intravascular colloid osmotic pressure (oncotic pressure) Fluid movement controlled by a balance between hydrodynamic forces inside vessels and within the interstitium |
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What are normal haemostasis and thrombosis ?
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Normal haemostasis results from a regulated process that maintains blood in a fluid, clot-free state in normal vessels while inducing a rapid localised haemostatic plug at the site of vascular injury
Thrombosisis pathological and is the formation of a blood clot (thrombus) in uninjured vessels or thrombotic occlusion of a vessel after relatively minor trauma |
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What is thrombus? and what are the types of thrombi?
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Solid or semi-solid mass formed from the constituents of flowing blood within the vascular system during life
Cardiac Thrombi Arterial Thrombi Venous Thrombi |
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What are differences between thrombus and blood clots?
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Thrombus:
Solid mass or semisolid mass blood elements mixed with fibrin Forms during life In circulating blood Adherent to vessel wall Pale, friable and dry Structured, lines of Zahn Blood Clot Semi solid, jellylike mass 2 layers: Fibrin + serum separate from blood elements Forms in test-tube or after death Static blood or outside circulatory system Lies loose in vesselMolded to shape vessel Red colour -Chicken fat colour Unstructured coagulum |
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What are the outcomes of thrombus?
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1)
Propagation and occlusion 2)Resolution / Dissolution 3)Embolisation 4)Organisation and recanalisation |
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What is embolism?
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Detached intravascular solid, liquid or gaseous mass that is carried by the blood to a site distant from its point of origin
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What are types of emboli?
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Thrombi and other blood products
Atheroma fragments Infective, septic Fat Tumour fragments Amniotic fluid Gas Foreign material |
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What is infarction?
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An infarct is a localised area of ischaemic necrosis due to obstruction to blood flow (a sudden decrease in arterial supply or obstruction to venous drainage)
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What is Virchow’s Triad?
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three primary influences predispose to thrombus
Endothelial injury Abnormal blood flow hypercoagulability |
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Differentiate the formation pattern of thrombi in Cardiac/Arterial/Venous
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Cardiac/Arterial: retrogade
Venous: in direction of blood flow |
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lines of Zahn can be seen in which thrombi type?
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cardiac and arterial
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What are white and red thrombi?
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white: cardiac and arterial thrombi
red: venous thrombi |
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Arterial Thrombogenesis involves?
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Intimal (vessel lining) damage
Platelet adherence and activation Fibrin deposition –laminated thrombus (lines of Zahn) Propagation and occlusion |
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Types of embolism?
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PULMONARY EMBOLISM
SYSTEMIC EMBOLISM |
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Causes of Ischaemia?
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Arterial obstruction
Venous obstruction Slow capillary flow |
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The extent of an infarct will depend on? (3 factors)
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The anatomy of the part cardiac output and the oxygen carrying capacity of the blood;
2. The speed with which obstruction developed; 3. The extent and number of healthy collateral vessels |
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Classification of infarcts?
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Color
Infection Age |
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Color of Early and old infarct?
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early: dark
old:white |
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Colours of infarc can be?
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white/pale: solid organs
red: loose tissues |
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Types of Gangrene? Describe each
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Dry gangrene: sterile mummificaiton
Wet gangrene: secondary bacterial infection Gas gangrene: anaerobic bacterial infection |